<p>Adena Mansion was built for Thomas Worthington by Benjamin Latrobe, and was completed in 1807. It is located on a hilltop west of downtown Chillicothe, Ohio, United States. The property surrounding the mansion included the location of the first mound found to belong to the Adena culture and thus the Adena mansion is the namesake for the Adena people. The state coat of arms is thought to depict the view of Mount Logan from the Adena property. Adena Mansion is often open for visitors for a small fee.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The stone mansion has historically accurate interiors, including furnishings. The grounds cover 300 acre of the original 2,000 acre estate. There is a garden area featuring kitchen herbs and heirloom vegetables, with some varieties available for purchase. A former overseer&#39;s house has also been restored and demonstrates life for German immigrants to the area.</p><br>
<p>A modern museum and education center features exhibits on the early European settlement of Ohio. Documents for indentured servants, other primary source materials and archeological finds are showcased.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Worthington recorded that he chose Adena as the name for his estate because it referred to "places remarkable for the delightfulness of their situation." The museum at Adena has an exhibit which claims Adena is based on a Hebrew word.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the Adena Mansion was restored to its 19th-century appearance to celebrate the Ohio Bicentennial. The estate was designated as a National Historic Landmark on February 28, 2003.</p><br>
<p>Yes Tor is the second highest point on Dartmoor, Devon, South West England, at 619 m above sea level. It is one of only two wholly English peaks south of the Peak District National Park—the other being nearby High Willhays—that are above 2,000 ft.</p><br>
<p>It lies within a British Army firing range and safe access is only possible on days or nights when firing is not taking place. See the current Dartmoor Firing Notice.</p><br>
<p>Yes Tor is 2 m lower than the nearby High Willhays.</p><br>
<p>A notable mine is located in the area.</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>In his memoir Father and Son (1907), Edmund Gosse views Yes Tor, near which he lived when a boy, as an unthreatening and unprepossessing hill: "Alas! We might as well have attempted to rouse the summit of Yes Tor into volcanic action."</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Yes Tor was the original inspiration for the name of the Yes album Tormato and a picture of the Tor features on the album cover.</p><br>
<p>US science fiction author Kim Stanley Robinson makes an oblique reference to Yes Tor in his novel 2312, commingled with a variety of then-historical musical contextual clues.</p><br>
<p>Colton Crossing is a railway crossing situated in Colton, California, directly south of Interstate 10. First built in 1883, it was the site of one of the most intense frog wars in railroad construction history, leading to a personal confrontation between famed lawman Virgil Earp and California Governor Robert Waterman. The crossing was the intersection of the tracks for the former ATSF and former Southern Pacific  railroads. Southern Pacific is now Union Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway is now BNSF. Union Pacific track runs east-west at the crossing while the BNSF tracks operate north-south. Metrolink trains and Amtrak&#39;s Southwest Chief also used the BNSF track through the crossing while Amtrak&#39;s Sunset Limited used the UP tracks. The Union Pacific track comes from the east through the Coachella Valley and into the yard in West Colton. The BNSF track from the south continues through the yard in San Bernardino and north to Cajon Pass.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of the California Southern Railroad, a subsidiary of Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway (now BNSF Railway), was repeatedly interrupted by Santa Fes rival, Southern Pacific Railroad (SP). In one instance, California Southern was set to build a level junction across SP tracks in Colton. California Southern engineer Fred T. Perris ordered the crossing built and acquired the track section for the railroad. When the track was delivered to National City in July 1883, SP officials hired the sheriff there to seize the track section and prevent its installation. The sheriff kept the track under 24-hour guard, but Perriss men were able to retake the track while the sheriff napped, loaded the track on a flatcar and started northward with it toward Colton, where it was to be installed.</p><br>
<p>Perris obtained a court order on August 11, 1883, that would legally allow California Southern to install the new track section.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Nash Victor, a California Southern construction engineer, was the foreman at Colton. In a letter that Victor wrote to Thomas Nickerson, then president of the California Southern, he stated:</p><br>
<p>Perris crew was ready to install it as soon as SPs Overland Mail passed the point of intersection between the two railroads. However, at that moment an SP locomotive arrived at the scene pulling a single gondola and stopped. The engineer of the SP locomotive then drove the train back and forth slowly at the crossing point in an effort to prevent the California Southern crew from installing the crossing. Southern Pacific had hired the lawman Virgil Earp to guard its tracks in Colton and he rode in the cab.</p><br>
<p>The citizens of Colton supported Southern Pacific, but Southern Pacific had bypassed nearby San Bernardino and its residents were upset. They hoped the California Southern line would put their city back on the map. On the morning of September 13, events reached a head in a confrontation that was quickly dubbed the "Battle of the Crossing". Citizens from Colton and San Bernardino gathered on either side of the tracks—San Bernardino residents on the north and the citizens from Colton on the south—with the Southern Pacific locomotive between them. Men on both sides carried picks, shovels, shotguns and revolvers. Virgil Earp stood in the gangway between cab and tender facing the San Bernardino mob, his revolver in hand. It was believed that the gondola held a number of SP men with rifles and other weapons who crouched below the walls of the car so as not to be seen.</p><br>
<p>Governor of California Robert Waterman ordered San Bernardino County Sheriff J.B. Burkhart to enforce the court order. Burkhart deputized 10 dependable men and personally escorted the governor to the crossing site. Waterman stood between the SP locomotive and the San Bernardino mob and read the court order. The governor said the locomotive must be cleared away at once. He told Virgil Earp that if he made any move with his six-shooter, Burkhart and his deputies were authorized to shoot. The tension between the crowds, lawmen, and governor made a gun fight likely—perhaps bloodier than his Tombstone shootout. Earp realized that further resistance was hopeless and would lead to bloodshed. He holstered his weapon and ordered the engineer to move the locomotive.</p><br>
<p>The track was cleared and the crossing was installed. The first train from San Diego arrived in Colton on August 21, 1882 (before the crossing was installed), and the first train to San Bernardino arrived just over a year later on September 13, 1883.</p><br>
<h2>Grade separation and flyover</h2><br>
<p>The Colton Crossing is the location where two main rail routes serving Southern California crossed at-grade in the City of Colton. More than 110 trains used the right-angle at-grade rail crossing each day, which, until the flyover project was completed, had been a significant cause of congestion on the main lines of UP and BNSF.</p><br>
<p>In December 2006, the Alameda Corridor Transit Authority (ACTA) presented a feasibility study to analyze alternatives and costs for design and construction of an east-west structure, which would grade separate the BNSF and UP main line tracks at Colton Crossing. In November 2011, work began on the grade separation project, with the final design being a 2.2-km east-west flyover of the Union Pacific tracks over the north-south BNSF tracks. Work was initially expected to take four years at a projected cost of $202 million. Skanska was the lead contractor on this project.</p><br>
<p>The Colton Crossing flyover project was completed in August 2013. Innovative construction methods, including cellular embankments as well as low bid prices, were responsible for the project coming in eight months ahead of schedule and significantly under budget, with the final cost being $93m versus the budgeted $202m. The completion of the project has resulted in greatly reduced congestion, leading to reduced travel times, a 31,000-ton drop in annual greenhouse gas emissions, and $241m saved in time spent traveling.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Peak is the second highest named mountain in both the Ruby Mountains and Elko County, in Nevada, United States. It is the thirty-fourth highest mountain in the state. The peak is located about 24 mi southeast of the city of Elko in the Ruby Mountains Wilderness, within the Ruby Mountains Ranger District of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. One of the most voluminous mountains in the range, its base makes up most of the east wall of Thomas Canyon, as well as the west wall of the long curved section of upper Lamoille Canyon.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Peak and the adjacent canyon and campground is named after Raymond Thomas, a teacher at Elko High School, who led a group of hikers into the canyon in October 1916. Caught in an early snowstorm, he died while assisting his party until rescuers could arrive.</p><br>
<h2>Summit panorama</h2><br>
<p>Flora Lake is a remote lake located in the northern environs of Yosemite National Park, California, United States. The lake is located in a rugged environment that is only accessible to intrepid hikers.</p><br>
<p>The lake was once proposed as a cavalry outpost for the USA Army as it provided easy access to the northern border of Yosemite.</p><br>
<p>During the early 20th century the USA military was burdened with protecting the newly formed National Park System. Shortly after the park&#39;s creation, many wilderness outposts were created in order to curb the illegal intrusion of goat herds which shepherds would lead into the park. This activity routinely devastated otherwise pristine valleys.</p><br>
<p>Today the lake offers solitude and beauty that characterize those portions of northern Yosemite National Park and the adjacent Emigrant Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>Lake Eleanor is a reservoir located in the northwestern backcountry of Yosemite National Park at an altitude of 4,657 ft. The reservoir has a capacity of 26,100 acre.ft and a surface area of 953 acres .</p><br>
<p>The lake was formed in 1918 by damming Eleanor Creek as part of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir system, constructed to supply water and power to the city of San Francisco. The original smaller, natural lake was also named "Eleanor" after the daughter of Josiah Whitney, leader of the California Geological Survey in the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>Lake Eleanor Dam (National ID # CA00121) stands as a concrete multiple arch dam with a height of 68 ft and a length of 1,260 ft. This first stage of the Hetch Hetchy project was built for year-round hydroelectric power generation, which was then sold to help finance construction of the larger O&#39;Shaughnessy Dam, completed in 1923.</p><br>
<p>That dams were planned for a valley in Yosemite National Park caused significant opposition. One of the most potent opponents was the Sierra Club and its founding President, John Muir. After two vetoes by Teddy Roosevelt, on December 19, 1913, Woodrow Wilson signed the Raker Act permitting construction. It began in 1914.</p><br>
<p>The remote location dictated the use of an unusual multiple-arch structure here. It dramatically minimized the amount of concrete used in comparison with a gravity dam. Even more unusual, the concrete arches were elliptical rather than circular, the only multiple-arch dam ever built this way. Chief designer for the San Francisco Board of Public Works Michael O&#39;Shaughnessy, along with hydraulic structural engineer R.P. McIntosh, were primarily responsible for the design.</p><br>
<p>Still owned and operated by the city, the lake now provides opportunities for angling, hiking, and camping.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Garie Beach is a patrolled beach in the lower Royal National Park, on the outskirts of southern Sydney, Australia. The beach is one of eleven beaches located within the territory of the Royal National Park. It is also one of three patrolled beaches in the park, with the Garie Surf Life Saving Club patrolling the beach on weekends and volunteer lifesavers from Surf Life Saving Australia patrolling on weekdays.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are two theories of the origins of the name. Garie is a Dharawal word meaning "sleepy". The name could also be a deviation of the name of a bushranger called Geaty, who camped here.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Garie Beach is accessible via Garie Road, and has a carpark. It has no barbecue but has toilets, a surf safety centre, a kiosk, and a picnic area. A youth hostel was previously nearby, but burnt down in December 2010 and has not been rebuilt.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>The construction of the Garie Beach Surf Safety Centre is one component of a larger planning and construction program to improve the Garie Beach Valley for the enjoyment of beach users. Stage 1 was completed in June 2005 and included the construction of a 175-space carpark, and the restoration of the creek line and the beach foredune.</p><br>
<p>Stage 2 involved designing, developing and constructing the Garie Beach Surf Safety Centre, landscaped forecourt, and picnic areas. Once completed, the Centre will contain public showers and toilets, a first-aid room, a kiosk, boat and equipment storage, a radio room, and meeting rooms and office space for the Garie Surf Life Saving Club and Garie Boardriders Club. Because there is no electricity, no sewerage system, and no mains water in the Garie Valley, the Centre will be solar powered, and will include a low-flush hybrid treatment system to provide flushing toilets using on-site biological treatment. Rainwater storage tanks will hold 31,600 litres of rainwater to provide showers for beach users.</p><br>
<h2>Surfing</h2><br>
<p>Garie Beach has some of the best surfing waves in the Sydney region and is a very popular family beach destination. The Garie Surf Life Saving Club will provide an essential community service in helping to keep the public safe at the beach. Garie is home to the. Garie Boardriders has an active membership of just over 100 member on average and has been continually running as a boardriders club since 1978. In 2014, the club&#39;s books listed more than 500 members and a lot of older members are returning to compete in the senior and masters divisions.</p><br>
<p>Garie Boardriders is affiliated with the Surfing Illawarra, Surfing NSW and Surfing Australia. Garie&#39;s members have competed up to Australia Titles level as well as a couple who competed at APSA and more recently ACC level.</p><br>
<p>The most recent surfing photographs from Garie Boardriders competitions are posted on</p><br>
<p>The Manasquan Reservoir is a source of water for municipalities and utilities, as well as a 1,204-acre  park, located in Howell Township, in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The reservoir doubles as a park that is part of the Monmouth County Park System. The park has trails, a visitors center, a nature/environmental center, a boat launching area and a several dikes for fishing, among its facilities. The park receives over a million visitors a year. The parks trails are open to walkers, runners, hikers, bicyclists and equestrians.</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>The park has 6.2 miles of trails rated at an easy-to-moderate physical challenge level in a 1204-acre area that includes the reservoir itself The trail is signed with blue-colored metal posts and is marked with brown-colored wooden mileposts. It starts in the vicinity of the visitors parking area. The mile posts run in a clockwise direction as the viewer looks north, and start at the southern portion of the park. There are also a number of shorter trails, but these have no milepost markings. The shorter trails are also considerably narrower. The width of the perimeter trail fluctuates between 8 and 24 ft, whereas that of the side trails is usually no greater than 3 ft. Footbridges in the path are 6 ft wide.</p><br>
<p>A second trail, called the Cove Trail, features 1.1 mi of nature that explores the woods in the southern section of the park. lakeshore near the environmental center. The trail starts off at mile 0.7 of the main Perimeter Trail and ends at the picnic area next to the environmental center. Binoculars are recommended for sightseeing of wildlife in this area. There are also three other shorter trails: the Wetlands Spur (0.2 mile long), the Environmental Center Bracken Trail (0.2 mile long) and the Bear Swamp Connector trails (0.5 mile long).</p><br>
<h3>Perimeter Trail</h3><br>
<p>The perimeter trail runs in an westerly fashion, in the southern portion of the park and along Windeler Road, until it reaches a wetlands area where it takes a sharp northerly turn. Continuing north, it passes by the environmental center, located near milepost 1.3. Passing the environmental center, the trail continues parallel to the driveway that leads to the environmental center parking lot and makes its way Georgia Tavern Road, a county road that roughly serves as the western boundary of the Park. Here the trail starts to run in a northeasterly fashion parallel to the Georgia Tavern Road to lead to Chestnut Point where parking is available for nearby recreational fishing. The trail continues to run north to milepost 2 where it starts to run east towards milepost 3 and alongside Peskin Road and Southard Avenue. Past milepost 3 (and roughly around mile 3.3) the trail crosses the main utility service road of the Manasquan Water Supply System, after which it makes an abrupt southern turn to run alongside Manassa Road. It then becomes considerably narrower trail having a wide no greater than 8 feet in the area of milepost 4, but expands again to some 20 feet wide as it reaches its end at milepost 5 in the area of the visitors parking lot. Mileposts are marked to the mile.</p><br>
<p>The following table lists some of the facilities, services, and features along the perimeter trail (Note: Except for the posted wooden milepost markings, all other mileage shown are approximations):</p><br>
<h3>Cove Trail</h3><br>
<p>This trail (marked in green) starts at milepost 0.6 of the Perimeter Trail. It is very narrow and must be hiked in single-file formation. Its course is also more challenging than the perimeter trail, which is mostly flat. Some mud puddles may be encountered on this trail as it does not receive maintenance comparable to the perimeter trail. It does not have a gravel or quarry stone base; the path of this trail is just the ground itself in its natural form. The trail is 1.1 miles long, crosses the Perimeter Trail at mile post 1.2, and ends at the Environmental Center. The Cove Trail is considered a nature trail; it makes its way around a pond/wetlands in the southern section of the park. It has two bridges, two boardwalks (over muddy areas), and a wildlife viewing area.</p><br>
<h3>Wetlands Spur/Lakeside Trail</h3><br>
<p>The parking lot at the eastern end of the visitors center (the lot used by trailers carrying water crafts using the reservoirs lake) opens to a trail that leads to the lake and which eventually connects to the eastern portion of the perimeter trail. It is officially called the Wetlands Spur. Walking this trail, it first offers a picnic area (with a Johnny-on-the-spot nearby) and a wildlife observation blind and, continuing in an easterly fashion, this trail provides access to the lake&#39;s shore for sightseeing and fishing. Continuing the trail is a small pedestrian wooden bridge followed by a resting bench facing the lake. Continuing on, the trail comes to an end when it connects to the perimeter trail. The entire length of the Wetlands Spur trail is 0.2 mile.</p><br>
<h3>Bracken Trail</h3><br>
<p>The unassuming entrance to this little trail is behind the Environmental Center. The trail is narrow and meant for pedestrian (walkers/hikers) use only. This trail explores the lakeside area around the environmental center. The trail features about a dozen well-labeled indigenous flora and fauna, complete with their scientific name. The trail is about 0.2 mile long, runs counter-clockwise (when starting from behind the environmental center) and ends at the environmental centers parking lot, behind the large concrete wall that doubles as the environmental centers welcome sign. Its base is quarry stone.</p><br>
<h3>Bear Swamp Connector Trail</h3><br>
<p>This 0.5-mile long trail is located at the eastern end of the park in a tract of land known as Bear Swamp Tract. It provides access to Howell Township&#39;s Oak Glen Park to the Perimeter Trail. It is approximately 8 feet wide and intended for casual walking. This trail leads away from the main park and must be followed backwards to return to the main park facilities. It is off mile 4.5 on the Perimeter Trail and hikers must cross Old Tavern Road to get on it.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental Center</h2><br>
<p>The environmental center is reachable by car and has its own parking lot. It contains displays of the fauna and fishery of the area, related instructional materials, and overlook windows to the surrounding land area and lake. There are restroom facilities at the center, but the center closes much earlier than the park itself. In the back of the environmental center, there is also a hidden loop trail nearby leading to the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recreational activities</h2><br>
<p>Visitors can bring in their own water crafts, such as boats, kayak, canoes, etc., or they can avail themselves of the rowboat and group boat rides available to park visitors. There are boat launching piers for entry into the lake. Fishing is permitted on the lake, and there are several good fishing spots. Horseback riding and biking is also permitted on the trails. The park also has a playground for children near the visitors center.</p><br>
<h2>Visitors center</h2><br>
<p>A visitors center features restroom facilities, vending machines, park literature, and a small shop to purchase fishing supplies (a bait shop). There is also a hall with the look of a winter lodge. An observation deck, with on-deck pay-for-view binoculars, complements the second floor features of the center. The visitors center has three parking lots. The center parking lot is closest to the center itself. The western lot provides easy access to the 5.1-mile perimeter trail, children&#39;s playground, and a small picnic area facing the lake. The eastern lot is intended for vehicles with watercraft trailers intending to use the craft launching ramp at the end of the lot and next to the visitors center.</p><br>
<h2>Wilderness reserve</h2><br>
<p>A selected portion of the reservoir&#39;s property is designated as a wildlife reserve which protects aquatic fauna such as smallmouth bass, hybrid striped bass, tiger muskie, bullhead catfish and panfish. Notable bird and land animal species in the area include: great blue heron, osprey, double-crested cormorant, and the bald eagle. Also frogs, turtles, snakes, white-tailed deer, red fox, and raccoons.</p><br>
<h2>Reservoir</h2><br>
<p>The Manasquan reservoir, along with the BMUA, Glendola and Swimming River reservoirs provide a large portion of the drinking water for Central New Jersey. The reservoir is operated by the New Jersey Water Supply Authority and became operational in 1990. The reservoir was created by damming the Timber Swamp Brook. Several portions of wetland were destroyed in the making of the reservoir. By New Jersey state law, for all wetland destroyed by mankind, additional equivalent amounts of wetlands must be recreated artificially in the immediacy of the destroyed wetland. The reservoir has a four billion gallon capacity and a maximum depth of 40 ft. It can supply up to 30 e6USgal of water per day. It has a maximum depth of 40 feet.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial benches</h2><br>
<p>Several of the benches along the perimeter trail have memorial plaques. Following is a listing with their contents:</p><br>
<p>The bench at 0.7 miles bears a plaque from "The Taub Family memorializing "The Great Dog Maggie". It contains a second plaque with these words: "We&#39;ll meet on the path in the woods, as the sunlight glistens through the trees, near the bridge where the water ripples on the rocks."</p><br>
<p>The bench at 0.9 mile bears a plaque with the name Larry Rispoli.</p><br>
<p>The bench at 1.1 miles bears two plaques. The first one says "To the memory of Our Tommy." The second one says "We will always love you, forever and for always, because you are our dear one."</p><br>
<p>The bench at 1.9 miles bears a plaque with the name Arlene Wishengrad.</p><br>
<p>The bench at 2.5 miles bears the name Gary P. Racich, with a second plaque containing the second verse ("I see skies of blue...") of the song What a Wonderful World.</p><br>
<p>The bench at 3.9 miles bears these names:</p><br>
<p>Mandy Reo</p><br>
<p>Chelsea Heptig</p><br>
<p>Dannie Lucey</p><br>
<p>Hunkey Franklin</p><br>
<p>Pam Reo</p><br>
<p>Simone Reo</p><br>
<p>There is also a resting bench at the Wetlands Spur to the memory of Robert Baxter III.</p><br>
<p>Motuihe Island lies between Motutapu and Waiheke islands in the Hauraki Gulf of New Zealand, near Auckland. The island measures about 179 hectare, of which around 18 hectare are remnants of coastal forest. The island is a recreation reserve controlled by the Department of Conservation  and administered by the Motuihe Trust. It is a popular spot for day trips, accessible by 30-minute ferry trip from Auckland, by seaplane, or by private boat. The island is known for its beautiful beaches.</p><br>
<p>The name comes from Te Motu-a-Ihenga, meaning Ihengas Island&#39; in Māori.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The small island has had a colourful human history. Starting out as a Māori settlement place, at least two pā fortification sites are known on the island. The locals are said to have grown gourds and taro. Very soon after arrival of the Europeans in the area, in 1839, the island was purchased, and farming began in the 1840s. Groves of Norfolk pines and olive trees are remnants of this time.</p><br>
<p>A quarantine station was built on the western section of the island in 1873. It was first used in 1874 for scarlet fever arriving on an inbound ship and operated for almost 50 years, slowly growing in size. During the First World War, the station was used as an internment camp whose most famous prisoner was Count Felix von Luckner and his crew of the commerce raider SMS Seeadler. Luckner organised an escape from the island in 1917, took over a scow and sailed to the Kermadec Islands where he was recaptured (and escaped again), though not before becoming something of an odd type of hero in the eyes of many New Zealanders, for the fact that his numerous and daring wartime escapades had killed only a single person.</p><br>
<p>With the outbreak of World War II, the buildings became a naval training base, HMNZS Tamaki, and a number of newer buildings were added. The base remained a navy training ground until 1963, when its functions were moved to the North Shore mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The island&#39;s trust organises an active programme of pest eradication and is slowly replanting sections of the island with native trees. Rats and mice were eradicated in 1996 and rabbits in 2004. The Trust maintains a small conservation presence on the island, and usually has a number of volunteers working at the local tree nursery or in other conservation programmes.</p><br>
<p>In early 2008, rat footprints were found in a tracking tunnel (a device to check for the presence of certain animals) on the island. This set off a substantial effort by the trust and DOC to catch the rodent, which was feared to be part of a larger infestation. The Norwegian rat was eventually trapped by a special hunting dog, allowing plans to release native red-fronted parakeets (kākāriki) to continue as planned in May 2008, when 31 were brought by helicopter from Little Barrier Island, where there is a relatively large population.</p><br>
<p>In March 2009, fifteen little spotted kiwi were released on the island.</p><br>
<p>In May 2009, 350 agents of The Nikolai Organisation planted 22,400 native trees on Motuihe Island in just one day, which was 40% of the 2009 planting programme.</p><br>
<p>The Dickeyville Historic District is a National Register of Historic Places-listed community located just inside the western edge of Baltimore City, Maryland near the intersection of Interstates 70 and 695 and adjacent to Kernan Hospital. A small community of about 140 homes and a historic mill, the village is on the banks of the Gwynns Falls and lies at the start of the Gwynns Falls Trail, a 15 mi walking and biking trail that is part of the Chesapeake Bay Gateways Network. The village includes two main roads, Wetheredsville Road and Pickwick Road, and three smaller lanes, Hillhouse Road, Tucker Lane and Sekots Road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village grew up along the banks of the Gwynns Falls from the late 17th century. Among the area&#39;s first settlers was Richard Gwin, a Welshman who reputedly traded with the Algonquian Indians from 1672.</p><br>
<p>One of the first of many mills on the Gwynns Falls was built in the vicinity in 1719 by Peter Bond, Gwins son-in-law. In 1762, a gristmill and stone house was built by Wimbert Tschudi, a Swiss mill owner, and what is believed to be the ruins of this mill may still be seen on the banks of the Gwynns Falls today. In 1779, Wimberts son, Martin Tschudi, patented a nearby plot of land called Sly&#39;s Adventure. The Franklin Paper Mill followed in the early 19th century, giving its name, Franklinville, to the village. In 1829, three enterprising brothers, John, Samuel, and Charles Wethered, converted the Franklin Paper Mill to the manufacture of woolen cloth. The brothers also built the Ashland Mill on the east side of the village, in addition to some 30 stone houses for workers, a church and a school, and named the village "Wetheredville". John Wethered was elected to the United States Congress as a Whig from 1843 to 1845.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, the Wethereds sold the property and Ashland Manufacturing Company to William J. Dickey, whose family came from the market town of Ballymena in the north of Ireland. He paid $82,000 for 300 acre, three mills and many of the houses in the village.</p><br>
<p>Under Dickey, the village again prospered and expanded. Many new homes were constructed for the millhands, a Presbyterian church and a manse were built, and a village store, owned by Dickey, sold everything from buggy whips to licorice sticks. In 1887, Dickey purchased an additional fabric mill in Oella, Maryland, which remained in operation into the late 1960s. On his death in 1896, the name of the village was changed from Wetheredsville to Dickeyville. The Dickey family sold out to the Glasgow Mills in 1909, but with the decline of the textile business, work in the mills became harder to get. The Glasgow Mills closed and the formerly prosperous Dickeyville became a shanty town with a reputation for crime and low life.</p><br>
<p>In 1934, the Dickey properties, which included much of the village of 81 homes, three mills and the Wethered-Dickey mansion on nearby Forest Park Avenue (the mansion has since been demolished) was sold at auction for $42,000. A local development company embarked upon the restoration of the properties. They decided that the old buildings should be preserved and only the totally unstable would be demolished. The buildings that remained might be redesigned and modernized but in such a way as to preserve their historic character. New homes must blend in unobtrusively with the old. These requirements are initially overseen by the Dickeyville Community Association, a homeowners group formed in 1938.</p><br>
<p>The Village was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>The red house at 5131 Wetheredsville Road (built c. 1850) was the home of Billy Ware, who served as a soldier in the Union Army in the American Civil War and carried the colors of his regiment at the Battle of Gettysburg. The stone house at 5123 Wetheredsville Road (built c. 1810) was the home of Enos Humphreys, one of the founders of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (I.O.O.F.). One of the earliest meeting halls of that fraternal organization is still extant at 2412 Pickwick Road. The Presbyterian church 5116 Wetheredsville was founded in the 1870s and built in 1885. 5111 Wetheredsville was the home of the Ashland Mill superintendent. The springhouse and carriage house that served the property still exist at 2309 and 2305 Pickwick (respectively).</p><br>
<p>5107 Wetheredsville was built around 1810 and was, for many years, the home of the village lamplighter. The large home at 5101 Wetheredsville is the Mechanics Hall and was built in 1897 as a lodge for the Junior Order of American Mechanics, a union and fraternal organization. The building served as a village meeting hall, a concert hall for vaudeville and minstrel shows, and Madame Jolly&#39;s Waxworks, a show based on Madame Tussauds Waxworks in London before conversion to a private residence. A stage and footlights still grace one end of the main hall. Ashland Chapel, in the center of the village at 2331 Pickwick Road, was built on land given by the mill-owning Wethered family in 1849 as a house of worship for mill workers. The chapel, with its plain interior and lack of a slave gallery, became the Methodist Church. the small garden shed at one end of the property was originally a trolley stop. 5029 Wetheredsville (c. 1850) served as a home of the cow for the village dairy and a glove factory. 5027 Wetheredsville is more recent (built in the 1940s) but is known as "Little Mount Vernon" as it was designed to emulate that famous home.</p><br>
<p>5023 Wetheredsville was built in 1835 and served as the village apothecary and then as a candy store. The smaller homes at each end were built by the storekeeper for his newly married sons. 5016 Wetheredsville was the home of one of the mill-owning Wethereds; next door is the village dispensary and doctor&#39;s home, both built around 1840. The open area opposite 5017 was a trolley stop on the old Lorraine streetcar line, the railings are still visible. The nearby home at 5010 was built in 1810 for the Cherry Cough Syrup Co and later served as a tavern and a garage. 5008 Wetheredsville, built around 1865, was originally the village school. The last house on Wetheredsville road is 4901, built in 1865 for the Ashland superintendent, the grounds include the historic location of the Tschudi home. Martin Tshudi founded the first mill in the area around 1762. The graves of his wife and daughter can still be found on the hill. The Ballymena Mill (formerly the Ashland Mill) anchors this end of the village where Wetheredsville Road becomes a hiking and biking trail. The old woolen mill, built c. 1830, now houses commercial tenants.</p><br>
<p>2322 Pickwick was the home of the village shopkeeper, the old streetcar line ran inches from the corner of the home. 2332 Pickwick (c. 1832) is said to have been an Officers&#39; Quarters at Fort McHenry before the home was moved to Dickeyville. The four-story rubblestone homes at 2411 and 2407 Pickwick date from c. 1860. 2405 Pickwick ( c. 1860) was the village store. The second floor was meeting room for the YWCA. 2415 and 2417 Pickwick date from about 1870 while 2407 and 2411 date from around 1860. 2412 was built in 1853 for one of the first IOOF lodges in the USA There was a tin shop in the basement. Later, it became a general store, with a Post Office and gas station. The one-story extension to the right was the pharmacy.</p><br>
<p>2423 Pickwick, built in the General Grant style in 1872, was restored as a studio by noted Baltimore muralist R. McGill Mackall in 1932. He built a complete two-story house inside so that he could live here as well as work. The house has been occupied ever since by artists. The present owner, sculptor Barry Johnston, displays some of his bronze sculptures in the back yard. 2433 Pickwick (c.1875) was the home of Malcolm Moos, an advisor to President Dwight Eisenhower and reportedly had a direct telephone link to the White House. 2435 was built as a mill office in 1840. It also housed the village jail where offenders could be locked up in a windowless room on the first floor. In 1899, Teddy Roosevelt spoke from the wooden front steps (the main entrance to the building, now demolished). 2500 Pickwick is believed to date to 1790 and some say began as an Indian trading post. Known as "The Old Stone Row," the building served as millworker housing.</p><br>
<h2>Current events</h2><br>
<p>The Dickeyville Community Association, the Dickeyville Garden Club and the Dickeyville Poker Club maintain an active schedule of community events. Most noteworthy is the Fourth of July celebration that includes a parade around Ashland Chapel and a dinner-dance on Pickwick Road. A Halloween Bonfire night, Christmas caroling and other holiday events occur through the course of the year. The Garden Club hosts frequent lectures and meetings while the Poker Club continues its own, more recent, tradition of late night poker sessions. The village should not be confused with the "other" Dickeyville; Dickeyville, Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>Vastrapur Lake is situated in western part of Ahmedabad. It is officially named after Narsinh Mehta. The lake was beautified by the AMC after 2002 and has since become a popular spot in the city.</p><br>
<p>Every weekend, a large number of people visit this lake. It currently boasts an open-air theater and children&#39;s park. There is a pathway all around the lake which serves many walkers and joggers in the early mornings and in the evenings.</p><br>
<p>The lush green lawns surrounding this lake also serve as a central hub of Ahmedabad, wherein various cultural events take place regularly.</p><br>
<p>At times, the water from Narmada River is allowed to flow into this lake. The lake is surrounded by pretty gardens with much stonework.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, Vastrapur lake was renamed to Bhakt Kavi Narsinh Mehta Sarovar in memory of Narsinh Mehta and a statue of Narsinh Mehta was installed in the garden of lake.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the lake almost dried up. People removed dead fish, and moved surviving fish elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>The Flemish Ardennes is an informal name given to a hilly region in the south of the province of East Flanders, Belgium. Highest summit is the Hotondberg .</p><br>
<p>The area is distinct from the Ardennes, which is situated further to the south in Wallonia, France and Luxembourg.</p><br>
<p>Among the largest towns in the area are Oudenaarde, Ronse and Zottegem.</p><br>
<p>Cycling is particularly popular in the area. Many major bike races are held here, including a large part of the Tour of Flanders and most of its toughest climbs.</p><br>
<h2>Photos</h2><br>
<p>Maarke (Maarke-Kerkem) - zicht op dorp.jpg|View at Maarke</p><br>
<p>Maarkekerkem 22-06-2009 18-26-24.JPG|Countryside around Maarke-Kerkem</p><br>
<p>Melden - Koppenberg - View.jpg|Countryside around Melden</p><br>
<p>Maarke - Kapelleberg 1.jpg|Kapelleberg</p><br>
<p>Koppenberg5063.jpg|Koppenberg with Steengat climb</p><br>
<p>Ruien - Power plant (from Tiegemberg).jpg|Power plant near Ruien</p><br>
<p>Highland, located near Charlottesville, Virginia, United States, and adjacent to Thomas Jefferson&#39;s Monticello, was the estate of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States. Purchased in 1793, Monroe and his family permanently settled on the property in 1799 and lived at Highland for twenty-four years. Personal debt forced Monroe to sell the plantation in 1825. Before and after selling Highland, Monroe spent much of his time living at Oak Hill.</p><br>
<p>President Monroe simply called his home "Highland." It did not acquire the additional name of "Ash Lawn" until after his death.</p><br>
<p>The estate is now owned, operated and maintained by Monroe&#39;s alma mater, the College of William and Mary.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Monroe establishes Highland</h3><br>
<p>Encouraged by his close friend, Thomas Jefferson, Monroe purchased a deed for one thousand acres (4 km²) of land adjacent to Monticello in 1793 for an equal number of pounds from the Carter family. The land formerly had been a part of the Blenheim Plantation owned by Champe Carter. Six years later, Monroe moved his family onto the plantation, where they resided for the next twenty-four years. In 1800, Monroe described his home as: One wooden dwelling house, the walls filled with brick. One story high, 40 by 30 ft. Wooden Wing one storey high, 34 by 18 ft.</p><br>
<p>Over the next 16 years, Monroe continued to add onto his home, adding stone cellars and a second story to the building. He also expanded his land holdings, which at their greatest included over 3,500 acres (14 km²). However, by 1815, Monroe increasingly turned to selling his land to pay for debt. By 1825, he was forced to sell his home and the property.</p><br>
<h3>Slave quarters</h3><br>
<p>Highland was a thriving plantation employing the labor of 30-40 slaves. Their housing no longer exists. Quarters for field hands were at some distance from the main house, while the domestic slaves lived closer to their master.</p><br>
<h3>Highland post Monroe</h3><br>
<p>Edward O. Goodwin purchased Highland from Monroe at twenty dollars an acre and often referred to the property as "North Blenheim." At the time of the purchase, Monroe described Highland as containing:</p><br>
<p>a commodious dwelling house, buildings for servants and other domestic purposes, good stables, two barns with threshing machine, a grist and sawmill with houses for managers and laborers... all in good repair.</p><br>
<p>Goodwin sold the house and six hundred acres (2.4 km²) in 1834 and it was sold again in 1837 to Alexander Garrett. Garrett gave the property its second name which remained with it to the present day, "Ash Lawn." Over the course of thirty years, Ash Lawn–Highland was sold numerous times until 1867, when John E. Massey purchased it. It remained in the possession of the Massey family for the next sixty-three years. In that time period, the family added to the house, whereupon it took on its present-day appearance.</p><br>
<p>Highland was sold for the last time in 1930 to philanthropist Jay Winston Johns of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Johns family soon after opened the house to public tours and upon his death in 1974, Johns willed the property to James Monroe&#39;s alma mater, the College of William and Mary.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h3>Highland today</h3><br>
<p>The home today consists of a one-story, three bay by three bay, original frame section connected to a two-over-two central hall addition by a short wide hall serving as a parlor. The addition dates to the mid-19th century. The front of Monroes guest house faces north toward Monticello, which at certain times of year is partially visible from the property. Also on the property are a reconstructed gable-roofed ice house, a contributing gable-roofed Overseers cabin with an exterior end brick chimney, and a smokehouse with a pyramidal roof.</p><br>
<p>Highland was featured in Bob Vilas A&E Network production, Guide to Historic Homes of America and in C-SPANs Cities Tour, Charlottesville.</p><br>
<p>Today, Highland is a 535-acre (2.2 km²) working farm, museum, and a performance site for arts, operated by the College of William and Mary. It is open to the public year round, though with limited hours from October through March.</p><br>
<h3>Discovery of larger house</h3><br>
<p>Evidence that this home, long believed to be an original wing of Monroes residence, was in fact, a guest house, surfaced when archaeologists discovered the foundations of a much larger home presumed to be Monroes home. Additional evidence for the residence being a guest house include construction techniques that post-date the time that Monroe moved into his house (the end of 1799) and dendrochronology which dates the existing structure as being made from trees harvested between 1815 and 1818.</p><br>
<p>Arykanda or  Arycanda is an Ancient Lycian city, former bishopric and present Catholic titular see in Antalya Province in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey.</p><br>
<p>Arykanda was built upon five large terraces ascending a mountain slope, located near the small village of Aykiriçay, presently on the Elmalı-Finike road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Arycanda is known to be one of the old Lycian cities, as its name ends with -anda, indicative of its Anatolian origin; dating back as far as the 2nd millennium BC.</p><br>
<p>On the other hand, the oldest remains and finds from the city date from the 6th or 5th century BCE. The site is being excavated and restored by an Ankara University team since 1971.</p><br>
<p>Gods and goddesses known to have been worshipped here are: (mostly Greek)</p><br>
<p>Aphrodite</p><br>
<p>Apollo</p><br>
<p>Ares</p><br>
<p>Artemis</p><br>
<p>Asklepios</p><br>
<p>Athena</p><br>
<p>Helios</p><br>
<p>Hera</p><br>
<p>Heracles</p><br>
<p>Hermes</p><br>
<p>Hygeia</p><br>
<p>Kakasbos (an Anatolian horseman-deity)</p><br>
<p>Mithras (Persian)</p><br>
<p>Nemesis</p><br>
<p>Somendeus (a mountain god)</p><br>
<p>Tyche</p><br>
<p>Arycanda survived through Byzantine times, until the 6th century when the settlement moved to a new site south of the modern road, which is called Arif (or Aruf) Settlement in archaeological literature so that it will not mix up with the older site.</p><br>
<h3>Sights</h3><br>
<p>Acropolis houses Hellenistic and older remains of the site which include the temple of Helios, bouleterion, prytaneion, upper agora withs its shops, and several excavated houses. The lower city houses most of the Roman remains.</p><br>
<p>These include:</p><br>
<p>A bath complex on the lowest terrace, still virtually intact in its sequence of arches, next to the gymnasium. The city has 7 different bath houses of various sizes.</p><br>
<p>Lower Agora, some of the shops in its eastern part can still be seen. It is wide and flat, located to the south of the odeon and was enclosed on three sides by a portico. At its middle are the remains of Tyche Temple.</p><br>
<p>A theatre, in excellent condition, built during the 1st century BCE. It has 20 rows of seats, divided into 7 sections. At the edge of every row are holes that were used to support protective awnings.</p><br>
<p>Odeon - 2nd century AD. The main entrance is to the south, though a triple portal. This was once a very ornate building, the interior was lined with orthostats and the walls, orchestra and seats were once covered with coloured marble. A block that was discovered (and now housed in Antalya Archaeological Museum) during the excavations over the portal bears a portrait of the Emperor Hadrian.</p><br>
<p>A stadium, from the Hellenistic period, that resides above the theatre, in the form of a running track with seats built only on one side. It is smaller than a usual stadium, measuring 106 m. long and 17 m. wide.</p><br>
<p>Two necropoleis. The one on the entrance to the site is very interesting with its series of richly decorated funerary monuments. The eastern necropolis has barrel-vaulted monumental tombs, temple-tombs and sarcophagi and the western necropolis has rock-cut tombs and barrel-vaulted tombs.</p><br>
<h2>Ecclesiastical history</h2><br>
<h3>Former diocese</h3><br>
<p>Since it was in the Roman province of Lycia, the bishopric of Arneae was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Myra, the province&#39;s capital. The Second Council of Nicaea (787) were signed on behalf of the absent bishop of Arycanda by his deacon Petrus. Another bishop of Arycanda, Theodorus, took part in the Photian Council of Constantinople (879).</p><br>
<h3>Titular see</h3><br>
<p>No longer a residential bishopric, Arycanda is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.</p><br>
<p>It is presently vacant, having had the following incumbents since the diocese wasnominally restored in 1921, under the name Aucanda/Ascanda until 1925, all of the lowest (episcopal) rank :</p><br>
<p>Sotero Redondo Herrero, Augustinian Order (O.E.S.A.) (1921.06.16 – 1935.02.24)</p><br>
<p>Anunciado Serafini (1935.05.11 – 1939.06.20)</p><br>
<p>Jean Larregain (甘有為), Paris Foreign Missions Society (M.E.P.) (1939.06.13 – 1942.05.02)</p><br>
<p>Joseph Martin Nathan (1943.04.17 – 1947.01.30)</p><br>
<p>Antônio Maria Alves de Siqueira (1947.05.10 – 1957.07.19) (later Archbishop)</p><br>
<p>Francisco Ferreira Arreola (1957.12.21 – 1960.08.01)</p><br>
<p>Benito Epifanio Rodríguez (1960.09.23 – 2001.02.15)</p><br>
<p>Arykanda Theater.jpgTheater</p><br>
<p>Arykanda Grabstätte.jpgGrave decorated with a gorgon head</p><br>
<p>Arykanda Mosaik.jpgRoman mosaic floor</p><br>
<p>Bolshoi Ussuriysky Island , or Heixiazi Island , is a sedimentary island at the confluence of the Ussuri and Amur rivers. It is divided between the People&#39;s Republic of China  and Russia. It has an area of about 327 to 350 km² and is bounded closely by Yinlong Island , and over ninety islets . Its position at the confluence of the Amur and the Ussuri and right next to the major Russian city of Khabarovsk, has given it great strategic importance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Until 2004, Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy Island was the site of a territorial dispute between China and Russia. The Soviet Union occupied Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy and Yinlong Islands in 1929, but this was not accepted by China. While Russia governed the islands as a part of Khabarovsk Krai, China claimed them as a part of Fuyuan County, Heilongjiang province; the easternmost part of China.</p><br>
<p>From 1931 to 1945 Bolshoy Ussuriysky was claimed as part of Japan&#39;s puppet state of Manchukuo and was known to the Japanese as Kanchazu Island. In June 1937 Bolshoy Ussuriyskiy was briefly occupied by Soviet sailors til they were driven off by Japanese and Manchukuoan troops in the Kanchazu Island incident.</p><br>
<p>The difficulty in settling this dispute involved competing interests between Russia and China. To settle the boundary along the lines claimed by China would have moved settled parts of the city of Khabarovsk into China. However, to grant the island to Russia would have put the boundary along a waterway that is not navigable by large ships restricting Chinese ability to move ships along the Amur.</p><br>
<p>On October 14, 2004, the Complementary Agreement between the Peoples Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Eastern Section of the China-Russia Boundary was signed, in which Russia agreed to relinquish control over Yinlong Island and around half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky. About 170 square kilometres of Bolshoy Ussuriysky was transferred to China, while the rest will remain in Russias jurisdiction. In return, China agreed to drop all territorial claims to the remainder of Bolshoy Ussuriysky kept by Russia and received the right to navigate ships along the main channel of the Amur.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The total area of these territories in the Khabarovsk region is approximately 340 square kilometres. The two sections make up less than two per cent of the China–Russia border, which stretches to some 4,300 kilometres and is one of the longest land frontiers on the planet.</p><br>
<p>The Chinese section of the island is part of Fuyuan, Heilongjiang. The Russian section is part of Khabarovsky District of Khabarovsk Krai.</p><br>
<h2>Agreement between Russia and People's Republic of China</h2><br>
<p>In 2005, the Russian Duma and the Chinese National Peoples Congress approved the agreement. On July 21, 2008, an agreement was signed in Beijing by the Chinese and Russian Foreign Ministers, that finalized the border demarcation and formally ended negotiations. Under the agreement, Russia would transfer approximately 174 km² of territory to China. The transfer took place on October 14, 2008. The area being transferred to China is largely uninhabited. The Chinese part of the island is situated in the district of Fuyuan City in the Province of Heilongjiang, Chinas easternmost county.</p><br>
<h3>Controversy</h3><br>
<p>The agreement has met with controversy on both sides of the border. In May 2005, Cossacks in Khabarovsk demonstrated against the loss of half of Bolshoy Ussuriysky. In return, some Chinese commentators, especially the media in Hong Kong, Taiwan and overseas which are outside the control of PRC government censorship, criticized the PRC government for signing the agreement, which they regarded as sealing as permanent the loss of former Chinese territory, such as Outer Manchuria, to Russia.</p><br>
<p>The government of the Republic of China on Taiwan (ROC) has never recognized border treaties signed by the PRC with other countries. Therefore, the ROC still formally claims all parts of the Heixiazi Islands.</p><br>
<p>According to a 2002 study by Akihiro Iwashita, a Japanese specialist on Slavic relations, “Most of Khabarovsk’s local elites, in particular military, considered the islands of strategic importance since they fenced off Khabarovsk from China. If the border was drawn, relying upon the ‘main channel principle’, the two islands would have passed to China. This is why the Soviet Union insisted on the legal exceptionality of the two islands in its negotiations with China during the late 1980s, while strengthening its de facto control of these islands”.</p><br>
<p>Atalanti  is the second largest town in Phthiotis, Greece. It is located southeast of Lamia, north of Livadeia and northwest of Chalcis. In 2011, it was incorporated into the municipality of Lokroi, a government seat and a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The town can be accessed by the Greek National Road 1 (Athens – Lamia – Thessaloniki). It is situated in central Greece, surrounded by Mt. Knimida to the north, Mt. Chlomo to the south, Mt. Parnassus to the west and the northern Eubean Gulf to the east. The area is characterized by the high concentrations of magnesium and iron in its soil.</p><br>
<p>The municipal unit has an area of 304.141 km.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Atalanti is a known market town, and was the capital of the former Locris Province. The geography of the town make it a noted wine-producing region in Greece.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Atalanti is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Atalanti (Atalanti, Agios Vlasios, Palirroia, Skala)</p><br>
<p>Exarchos</p><br>
<p>Kalapodi</p><br>
<p>Kyparissi (Kyparissi, Efkalyptos)</p><br>
<p>Kyrtoni</p><br>
<p>Megaplatanos</p><br>
<p>Tragana (Tragana, Mikrovivos)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Mythology</h2><br>
<p>The capital of Locris province was the city of Opus. According to Hesiodus and Plutarch, the city was named Opus after the son of Locros and great-grandson of Deucalion and Pyrrha. The Locrians from Opus participated in the Trojan War, with 40 battle ships and four thousand warriors. The leader of the Locrians was Ajax the Lesser, son of Oileus and grandson of Hodoedocus. Ajax excelled in the Trojan War, but while returning from Troy he died in a storm. Another notable figure from Opus was Patroclus, son of Menoetius, and best friend to Achilles. When he was still a child, Patroclus killed the nobleman Clysonymus, son of Amphidamas during a game. Although he was a minor, Patroclus had to leave Opus in order to escape revenge. So his father took him to Peleus, who raised him along with Achilles as his own child.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Neolithic Age</h3><br>
<p>The first signs of organized human life in Atalanti’s region can be traced back to the Neolithic era (7000 BC – 3200/3100 BC) when the first town in the valley of Skala Atalanti was developing. All human activities of the Neolithic man can be traced in this area: agriculture, stockbreeding, hunting, and fishing.</p><br>
<h3>Bronze Age</h3><br>
<p>The Early Helladic period (3200–2100 BC) saw the growth of trade (both land- and sea-borne) and development of pottery. The area of Atalanti was influenced by other places of mainland Greece and the islands. This area, as well as others of this period, was characterized by a hierarchically organized society.</p><br>
<p>In the Middle Helladic period (2100–1600 BC) villages were destroyed (possibly due to the invasion of other Greek tribes). Because of this, retrogression, introversion and cultural isolation were noted.</p><br>
<p>Most possibly in the Late Helladic period (1600–1100 BC) the Mycenaean city Opus was built. Main occupations of inhabitants were fishing and agriculture (wheat, grain, legumes, olives, grapes are cultivated and wine is produced).</p><br>
<p>During the 11th century BC (post-Mycenaean period) there was an economic and demographic decline. Old villages were abandoned and new villages were built in different places. This period is mostly characterized by an adherence to tradition. Pottery remains the main occupation.</p><br>
<h3>Protogeometric Period</h3><br>
<p>Between 10th and 8th century BC, the regime of Opus is Aristocracy and Oligarchy. Hierarchy is one of the key features of society in that time. It is a society where classes owe their existence primarily to the differentiation between the distinct occupations of the inhabitants. Trade and shipping are growing. Opus is heavily influenced in art from Athens, Corinth, Euboea and Thessaly. A massive production of vases and the blooming of metallurgy (weapons and gold jewelry) are recorded. All these suggest the existence of a prosperous and wealthy society in the region of Locris.</p><br>
<h3>Archaic Period</h3><br>
<p>During the Archaic period (700 – 480 BC) the system of government in Opus remains oligarchy with no political controversy. Perhaps we can speak of a "conservative democracy" since there were no slaves in Locris. The main occupations of the inhabitants are still agriculture, livestock (mainly cattle), fishing, pottery and wine production.</p><br>
<h3>Classical period</h3><br>
<p>In the Classical Period (second quarter of 5th century BC – 323 BC) and more specifically during the Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 BC) the Locrians side with Sparta (leader of the Peloponnesian League). The Athenians attack and destroy the coastal cities of Locris. In 431 BC they fortify the island of Atalanti (or Atalantonisi or Talantonisi) in order to curb the activities of Locrian pirates and to ensure the safety of the coast of Euboea. But an earthquake in 426 BC destroyed part of the walls and the fortress that were built in Atalantonisi.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic and Roman Period</h3><br>
<p>During Hellenistic period (336 or 323 BC – middle of 1st century BC) a new earthquake in 300 BC destroys part of Opus. In 204 BC, the Roman general Gaius Flaminius seizes Opus, but in 197 BC he gives back independence to the Locrians. In 165 BC, the "Common of Locris" is founded. Another earthquake in 106 BC destroys Opus, but it is rebuilt again. The end of the Hellenistic period seals the raid of Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix) in the area in 87/86 BC. Throughout this period Opus remains a mainly rural economy. At the same time, Atalanti is the main center of pottery production in the district. The invasion of Sulla prompted many residents of the cities of Locris to abandon their villages during the Roman period (30 BC – 324 AD). Population mostly moves to the settlements of Opus and Kynos. In the area, large privately owned farms are created. In Atalanti, public baths and an aqueduct are built.</p><br>
<h3>Early Christian Period</h3><br>
<p>During the Early Christian Times, the Diocess of Opus is founded (Ecumenical Synod or Council in Ephesus in 431 and in Chalcedon in 451 under the Diocese of Corinth. In years 376 and 395–397 Goths and Visigoths invade (under Alaric I) the area which has a negative effect on the local economy. Regression and in some cases abandonment of coastal settlements occurs.</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine and Frankish periods</h3><br>
<p>In 565, during the reign years of Justinian I, the name "Talanti" was first mentioned.</p><br>
<p>In the 9th century the Saracens raided the area and in the 10th century, the Bulgarians under Simeon I also attacked Locris.</p><br>
<p>Following the Fourth Crusade, a Frankish barony was established at Atalanti, under the noble Pedro Puig Pardines. The tower "Koulia" (which was demolished in 1957) and probably the "Paliopyrgos" were probably built at this time. The barony (La Calandri or Talantum in Western sources) was a part of the Duchy of Athens and one of the four major ports of the Duchy, and it was based.</p><br>
<p>In 1311, the Duchy of Athens fell into the hands of Catalan mercenaries of the Catalan Company after the victorious Battle of Halmyros. In 1380, the Navarrese Company made raids against the Catalans of Atalanti. In 1385, the area of Phthiotis fell into the hands of the Serbs, except for Atalanti. In 1388, the region of Locris passed into the hands of the Florentine Acciaioli family, ending the Catalan domination.</p><br>
<p>In 1393, the Diocese of Talanti was established. The same year the Ottoman Turks began their raids. The Duchy of Athens was abolished by the Ottomans in 1458, and the period of Ottoman rule began for Atalanti and Locris in general.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman Occupation</h3><br>
<p>According to the census of 1466, Atalanti had 248 families, 18 single and 22 windows, all of whom were Christians.</p><br>
<p>In the census of 1506, there were 449 Christian homes and 13 Ottoman. In 1521 were recorded 435 Christian homes and 30 Ottoman.</p><br>
<p>The residents of Atalanti did not pay any taxes, while their children were free from the mass forced recruiting of children in the Ottoman army, in order to join the Janissaries (in Greek:Παιδομάζομα, in Turkish: devşirme). In return, the inhabitants of Atalanti had to protect the narrow sea and the coast when pirates attacked.</p><br>
<p>These privileges were maintained by residents of Atalanti up until 1571. According to the census of that year there were 622 Christian homes in Atalanti and 77 Ottomans. That made it the largest settlement across Locris, with a population of about 3000 people. This also explains the upgrading of Atalanti which during the next century included the surrounding villages. Main occupations of the inhabitants were agriculture (cereals, viticulture), cultivation of flax, cotton and vegetables, as well as apiaries and livestock.</p><br>
<p>In 1688, during the Ottoman–Venetian war, Kourmas and Bishop of Amfissa Philotheos temporarily seized Atalanti.</p><br>
<p>The same year, plague broke out in Atalanti. The Turks reclaimed the city in a short time.</p><br>
<p>Fearing retaliation, several families relocated to the Venetian Peloponnese between 1691 and 1697.</p><br>
<p>Knowledge about the period of the 18th and early 19th century is limited and it is mostly based on reports by travelers.</p><br>
<p>One of them, William Martin Leake visited Atalanti in 1805 and he wrote: "There are 300 houses in the town, one third of which is Turkish. Some of the houses are big and surrounded by a garden. They seem very pretty from a far distance. But most of them are abandoned and ruined, partly because of a plague that wiped out entire families a few years ago. The ruler is Isset Bey, a son of Kapicilar Kahyasi of Ali Pasha. The Greek neighborhood is separated from the Turkish. The Bishop of Atalanti which comes under the Bishop of Athens is the head of the Greek community and has a sustainable house, with a garden of orange, lemon and other fruit trees. A garden, that despite of its ferocity, is the best place here, something extraordinary in that area. The valley is very fertile, but not cultivated, because of the absence of people. In low parts of the area, towards the sea, corn, excellent wheat, grapes from which they make a tolerable wine and a few olives grow perfectly. The average wage here is the same as that one in Athens and Livadeia. The administrative area includes thirty to forty villages, most of them very small, and not fully inhabitant, since most of their residents migrate to areas of Livadeia and Athens, since Ali Pasha took over the place. Incomes are now in the hands of Veli, who is trying to bring back immigrants, promising tax cuts."</p><br>
<p>Francois Pouqueville (between 1806 and 1816) reports: "Atalanti is built on the foothills of Mount Chlomos. Two mosques and a church are the only remarkable things you can see. The importance of the city is that twenty one villages depend on it."</p><br>
<p>According to other sources in 1800 there were more than 200 families of Ottomans living in their own settlement in the western part of town. In this part of the town, the Turkish governor, treasurer, judge and a small Turkish guard of about 150 men were located.</p><br>
<p>Kotzampasides (Greek people that worked together with the Ottomans) of Talanti were: Lambros Alexandrou (later renamed Evmolpidis), Constantinos Sakellion and Alexis Michalis.</p><br>
<p>Nicolaos Metaxas or Neophytos of Athens was ordained Bishop of Talanti in 1803.</p><br>
<p>In 1810 the Ottoman doctor Hasan Agha Kourtalis was known to offer his services to both Greeks and Ottomans without any discrimination.</p><br>
<h3>Atalanti during the Greek Revolution of 1821</h3><br>
<p>On the 31st of March 1821, Anthony Kontosopoulos and 1000 armed Locrians sieged and freed the city of Atalanti with the help of Lambros Eleftheriou and the rest of the residents of the city.</p><br>
<p>In the winter of that same year, the Turkish army under the Omer Vrioni and Mehmet Kiosses pass through Atalanti imprisoning the remaining inhabitants and burning down all the houses. Those who managed to survive find shelter in Atalantonisi. The next year, Atalanti will be burned again by the Turkish troops that were passing through the region and a plague will fall on Atalantonisi.</p><br>
<p>In the Second National Assembly at Astros in 1823 Bishop Neophytos of Talanti and attorney Lambros Alexandrou represent the area. Provincial Governor of Talanti was placed Ioannis Filon. In 1824 the Turkish fleet occupies Atalantonisi, destroying its facilities, slaughters and captures those who had taken refuge there.</p><br>
<p>Between 5th and 9th of November 1826 the Battle of Atalanti takes place. Anastasios Karatassos, Angelis Gatsos and Olivier Voutier lead 1500 Macedonians warriors. Mustafa Bey goes from Livadeia to Atalanti with an army of few thousand men (infantry and horsemen) and surprises the Greek guards. After a fierce battle, the Greeks retreat having lost 42 men on the battlefield.</p><br>
<p>Gunpowder storehouses of vital importance for the Turks were located in Atalanti. They were guarded by two hundred Ottomans.</p><br>
<p>In 1826 Georgios Karaiskakis attempted to set the storehouses on fire and ultimately failed. The next year Karaiskakis placed a guard with his men, in Atalanti, under Spyros Xidis. Another attempt by Ioannis Kolettis in 1827, to take over Atalanti will also fail.</p><br>
<p>The final liberation of Atalanti came on November 6th, 1828. Mitros Liakopoulos (from Kato Milia, Pieria), mounts a surprise attack and releases the city.</p><br>
<h3>Atalanti after Liberation</h3><br>
<p>Several institutions were founded in 1831 in Atalanti following the liberation: a primary school (first teacher was D. Manasidis from Samos), a county court, a notary, tax authorities, a fund, a tobacco factory, customs, a forestry organization and post office.</p><br>
<p>In 1833 the city was included in the prefecture of Phocis and Locris. First Prefect was Ioannis Amvrosiadis and District Officer was Anagnostis Mostras. A diocese of Locris is established (from the dioceses of Mendenitsa and Talanti), under Bishop Agathangelos Myrianthousis. That same year, Macedonians fighters who fought during the revolution of 1821 start to settle permanently in Atalanti.</p><br>
<p>On January 10th 1834, the City of Atalanti was established by law. It included several villages outside of the original Atalanti: Skala, Skenteraga (Megaplatanos), Kyparissi, Kolaka, Bogdanos, Exarchos and Drouskos. First elected mayor in 1836 was Efstathios Spyridonos.</p><br>
<p>In December 1836 Konstantinos D. Vellios, a benefactor of the Macedonians settlers, arrives at Atalanti. The Municipality of "Pella" in Atalanti is established in 1837 through a Royal Decree for the Macedonians settlers.</p><br>
<p>A Greek boarding school was founded in 1843 and a primary school for girls was established in 1857. In 1855 the Cathedral of St. Theodore was founded in Atalanti and in 1862 the Church of the Transfiguration of Jesus was finished. In 1860 seven large fountains were built in the neighborhoods of Atalanti and New Pella.</p><br>
<p>In 1864 the first annual trade fair of Atalanti began. It lasts from the 6th to the 10th August and continues to run every year even today.</p><br>
<p>In 1871 the road between Atalanti and Scala is constructed. In 1873 a branch of the National Bank of Greece was founded.</p><br>
<p>The "Revolution of Litochoro" (Revolution of Olympus) in 1878, was led by the Macedonian Kosmas Doumpiotis, who had by his side several fellow volunteers from New Pella Atalanti.</p><br>
<p>In 1885 oil lamps for lighting the city were installed and an aqueduct is built.</p><br>
<p>Nicholas K. Abraham was born in 1888 in New Pella. He served as a Minister of Justice and Maritime Affairs.</p><br>
<p>The earthquake of 1894 caused major damages throughout Locris. 255 people were killed and 3,783 houses collapsed.</p><br>
<p>At the time sericulture was at its peak in many households in Atalanti.</p><br>
<p>In 1895 the "Locris Gymnastics Club of Atalanti» was founded, one of the first clubs in the country and also one of the 28 clubs that founded the S.E.A.G.S. later known as the S.E.G.A.S.</p><br>
<p>Nicholas Doumpiotis (born in 1866 in New Pella) participated in the Macedonian War (1904–1908) as an officer under the nickname "Captain Amyntas."</p><br>
<h3>20th Century</h3><br>
<p>In 1912 the municipalities of Atalanti and New Pella are abolished and they become communities. The first car appears in Atalanti in 1915.</p><br>
<p>In March 1913, Greek villagers from Thrace were forced to leave. The people from Plavou did not feel safe to stay there any longer and decided to move from Turkish territory. They moved without any property and came to Greece. Some stayed in Athens, others went to the area of Lamia (Kostalexi, Stavros, Roditsa) but most of them went to Atalanti.</p><br>
<p>The flu of 1918 sowed death in the city. Residents asked for the grace of the saints Agioi Anargyroi (Cosmas and Damianos) and brought their orthodox icon in Atalanti on 12 November.</p><br>
<p>Between 1912 and 1922, 63 soldiers from Atalanti were lost in the wars (First and Second Balkan War, First World War and Asia Minor campaign).</p><br>
<p>After the Asia Minor Disaster in 1922, 218 individuals arrived in Atalanti. In 1931, officials declared that 30 acres of land in the Atalanti area could be used by the refugees. This area of Atalanti was named, Sinikismos. In 1926, the "Refugee Association of Atalanti and Suburbs" was founded. The main objectives were claiming damages, issuing identity documents to the refugees, offering help with finding jobs and offering general support.</p><br>
<p>In 1975 the Association “Aghia Sophia” of Asia Minor Refugees in Sinikismos was founded in order to preserve and spread the culture of the refugees.</p><br>
<p>In 1923 the Commercial Club was founded in Atalanti. In 1927 the Agricultural Credit Cooperative and the Mandolinata were established and a branch of Bank of Athens starts to operate within the city. The first mill also began to function in 1927.</p><br>
<p>Gymnastics Club "Ajax the Locrian" (in Greek: Αίαντας ο Λοκρός) was founded in 1928 (football, track and field).</p><br>
<p>Also the Union of Atalanti "Melissa" begins the reforestation of mountain Roda. A powerhouse is established which contributes to the electrification of households in the city.</p><br>
<p>Vasilios A. Kokkinos was born in Ano Pella in Atalanti in 1929. He later served as president of the Supreme Court (1990–1996).</p><br>
<p>In 1931, the Association of New Pella «Alexander the Great" was founded and the football club "Olympiakos Atalanti FC ". That same year the sports club "Ajax the Locrian" successfully organized a local athletic event in Atalanti.</p><br>
<p>The Primary School for Boys and Girls that later was used as the 1st Elementary School in Atalanti was built in 1932. In 1933 the scouts group was founded.</p><br>
<p>Siblings Charilaos, Demosthenes and George Constantinou, from Atalanti establish the tobacco industry Santé in Athens.</p><br>
<p>The Music Society of Atalanti "Orpheus" was founded in 1935. In 1936, the sports association "The Union" was established. In 1937 a branch of the Agricultural Bank of Greece opened in Atalanti. In 1938 the Chorus of Atalanti made the first appearance. In 1939 the Union of Agricultural Cooperatives in Atalanti was founded.</p><br>
<p>On April 20, 1941 the German air force (Luftwaffe) bombed Atalanti causing only damages to buildings and on April 25, 1941 the German army occupied Atalanti. The "White Cross of Atalanti" was founded in 1943, in order to help, all those were in need.</p><br>
<p>On March 23, 1943 the Italian occupation forces leave the city. On May 29, 1943, Italians lead to the firing squad nine residents of Atalanti. The Germans took the place of Italians, who withdrew from Atalanti in October 1944.</p><br>
<p>Due to the peculiar soil and the weakness of the Greek state to support the people from Evrytania after the liberation of 1944 they began to leave their homeland and moved to the surrounding plains like the one in Atalanti and the rest urban centers around them. That lasted from 1945 and up until 1987. Also the earthquake that took place at Vracha with the magnitude of 6.2 on Richter scale on 5.2.1966 was also the cause of their relocation again in Atalanti.</p><br>
<p>During the Greek Civil War (1946–1949), several – mostly young aged people- were found in two conflicting camps, the National Army (Greek governmental army) and the Democratic Army of Greece(DSE or Greek initials ΔΣΕ). Eight soldiers of the National Army were killed and an unknown number of fighters of DSE were also dead.</p><br>
<p>In the decade of 1950, the local elections were carried out after 16 years (in 1951), the water supply system of the city was installed (in 1953), the current city plan of Atalanti was adopted (in 1954) and the Bank Holiday of Sunday was established from the Commercial Union (in 1957).</p><br>
<p>In the next decade: the first kindergarten (1963) and the Municipal Library of Atalanti (1965) were founded, a branch of Emporiki Bank opened and the Educational, Cultural and Entertainment Association "Proodos” (“The Progress") was established (1966).</p><br>
<p>The football Club "ATALANTI" was created in 1968 by the merger of the two clubs of the city (Ajax and Olympiakos Atalanti FC).</p><br>
<p>The military dictatorship (1967–1974) ceases the City Boards and the Cooperative Societies. During this period, the City Hall, the high school, the kindergarten and the "National Stadium" of Atalanti were built.</p><br>
<p>During the Turkish invasion in Cyprus (20–21 July 1974) the soldier Christos L. Ligdis was killed.</p><br>
<p>In 1976 the "Constantinian Cultural Center of Atalanti" was built, and in 1979 the Technical High School was founded.</p><br>
<p>In 1980 the "Sports Mountaineering Association Locros" was founded, which in 1992 was renamed in Sports Association "Locros" with more sports.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 the Nautical Club of Atalanti was founded, in 1985 the Municipal Conservatory was established, in 1988 the municipal fish farm in the Bay of Atalanti was created and in 1989 the gymnasium of the town (capacity:1,100 seats) was built. The same year the "History and Folklore Research of Atalanti Company" was also founded.</p><br>
<p>In 1992 the Athletic Football Club "Atalanti 92" was founded and the first radio station in town was on air.</p><br>
<p>Since 1993 economic migrants from Balkan countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Romania), central Europe (Poland) and Asia (Pakistan, India, China) begin to settle in town permanently or temporarily.</p><br>
<p>In 1998 the Archaeological Museum of Atalanti opened and the "Aianteios Municipal Theatre" began operating.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the City of Atalanti under the Kallikratis plan, joined with the municipalities of Malesina, Opountia and Dafnousia and form the municipality of Locris (or municipality Lokroi). The seat of the municipality became town of Atalanti.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism – Sightseeing – Cultural Activities</h2><br>
<p>Among other Points of Interest of the region are:</p><br>
<p>The catacomb of St. Athanasius or "Chamaithanasis" in the center of town is a Roman crypt. It is said that during the Turkish occupation it was used as a secret school (Krifo scholio). In the background of the catacomb there is the St. Athanasius Church.</p><br>
<p>The church of St. Seraphim is located in the forest above the town of Atalanti.</p><br>
<p>The monastery of St. Anargiri, built in the 17th century, located in the main road from Atalanti to Kirtoni.</p><br>
<p>The chapel of St. John the Roda, built in a location on the top of mountain Roda.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological museum of Atalanti was inaugurated in the summer of 1998 by the City of Atalanti, the 14th Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities at the expense of the municipality of Atalanti, the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and some other donors. It is a relatively small but a very important premise as it is a neoclassical building which it used to be the old high school in the area. The exhibits came from the region of Locris and they are divided according to chronological and thematic sections that they cover the prehistoric and historic period up until Roman times. In the museum and at the museum&#39;s courtyard visitors can see tombstones, pottery for everyday use, tools, jewelry, idols, etc.</p><br>
<p>Just 6 km from Atalanti and by the sea is the port of Skala Atalanti, with many fish restaurants, cafes and bars. Skala is one of the most beautiful sandy beaches in Locris. It is the main beach of Atalanti and is located just 6 km from the city. The beach is relatively long and wide and well organized. Also along the beach there are playgrounds and a beach volley and a tennis court. It even has water sports. The beach is full of restaurants. It is important to mention that in Skala is located the port authority.</p><br>
<p>In the area there are the churches of Analipsi and of Panagia. The beach of Skala from 1980&#39;s until today receives the Blue Flag.</p><br>
<p>The Atalanti Lagoon is located south of the bay of Atalanti. It is a shallow coastal lagoon that is separated from the sea with a dividing strip and communicates with it through an opening.</p><br>
<p>The Council of Atalanti in cooperation with local cultural institutions of the city hold many cultural events:</p><br>
<h3>Carnival</h3><br>
<p>This custom holds from around the late 1970s. With that begins the Pre-Lenten Season and cultural clubs of the city host carnival dances for all ages. In older times people used to masquerade and pay visits to friendly homes asking them the classic game of "guess who I am."</p><br>
<p>The main parade consists of hiker groups and floats that satirize current issues and affairs. Schools, clubs and many volunteers are participating. The feast takes place in the town&#39;s main street. They pass through as the crowds’ cheers them. At the end in the central square the traditional burning of the carnival takes place. Before that, dancing and singing around the "gaitanaki” are happening. On the next day of the carnival, (“Kathara Deftera”) everybody heads to the beach of Skala. There is celebrated the well-known Lent. The City of Atalanti has established this day each year and offers its guests traditional soup, Lent meals, wine and halva (a traditional sweet). Young and older people try to fly as high as they can their kites.</p><br>
<h3>Wine Festival</h3><br>
<p>Each fall, after the grape harvest the "wine festival" takes place. It is a fiesta with no specific date but has been established since 1996 by the City of Atalanti. The area has a big tradition in wine production. Two places of the valley are named Kato and Pano Ampelia (vines). The feast takes place in the central square. Traditional music and food prevail and visitors can drink wine for free. The wine is an offer of local wine producers. Atalanti is home to one of the biggest Greek wineries Domaine Hatzimichalis with over of 200 hectares of land.</p><br>
<h3>Sardine Festival</h3><br>
<p>Every July the traditional feast of sardines takes place. It is also a fiesta without a specific date. The festival is happening in Skala of Atalanti. The City of Atalanti in collaboration with the cultural associations of Scala organize a great feast where sardines, wine, salad and bread are served to guests for free. The feast is accompanied by traditional bands that play music.</p><br>
<h3>Choral Festival of Atalanti</h3><br>
<p>The Choral Festival of Atalanti started in the early 1980s and continues to this day. In 2011 completed 30 years of continuous activity. Until 1996 the festival took place at the main square of the city but since 1997 and until now the festival is organized in the Aianteio Municipal Theatre of Atalanti. It is carried out always in June but not in a certain date. Besides the locals choirs “Armonia” (Harmony), "Proodos" (Progress), and the Chorus of Atalanti, at the festival also participate choirs from all over Greece and abroad.</p><br>
<h3>Annual trade fair</h3><br>
<p>On the 6 each August the Transfiguration of Christ, is celebrated for six days with a trade fair in Atalanti. It is otherwise called "Pazaria" (Bazaar). This celebration started in the 18th century and originally was a cattle market. As society was evolving it became a trade fair. In the center Atalanti retailers gather from different regions of the country and sell their commodities. They also offer evenings with traditional music instruments in the town square and in shops where you can eat and drink.</p><br>
<p>Elcho Island, known to its traditional owners as Galiwin&#39;ku, is an island off the coast of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. It is located at the southern end of the Wessel Islands group located in the East Arnhem Region. Galiwin&#39;ku is also the name of the settlement where the island&#39;s largest community lives. Elcho island formed part of the traditional lands of the Yan-nhaŋu, according to Norman Tindale. According to J. C. Jennison, the aboriginal inhabitants were the Dhuwal, whom he said called themselves the Kokalango Mala </p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Elcho Island is approximately 60 km long and 6 km across at its widest point. It is bounded on the western side by the Arafura Sea and on the east by the Cadell Strait. Elcho Island is a short distance away from the mainland and Howard Island.</p><br>
<p>Galiwinku, located near the islands southern tip, is the main community on the island. It is the largest and most remote Aboriginal community in northeast Arnhem Land, the second largest Aboriginal community (in terms of concentrated population) in the Northern Territory, and ranks eleventh in population of the 69 local government bodies in the Territory. There are 60 mala or hereditary tribal groups, with up to 22 different dialects being used in the community. The lingua franca is now Djambarrpuyngu. The people of Galiwin&#39;ku, approximately 2,000 residents, retain their traditions and culture. These are passed to future generations by adherence to strict traditional methods and education, including a means to help them embrace the wider Australian community.</p><br>
<p>There are also many outstations including Inglis Island on the namesake island and Matamata, Maparru, and Gariyak on the mainland. The island has a base population of 2,200 people, including 70 non-Aboriginal people. It was the home of the late Aboriginal folk musician Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu. The population of Galiwin&#39;ku varies during the seasons, with many outstation residents migrating to the community during the wet season due to inaccessibility. The community also serves approximately 25 outstations with a total population of approx. 450 people, with 12 of the outstations on Elcho Island, which are listed from north to south:</p><br>
<p>Nanyingburra</p><br>
<p>Gawa (Gäwa)</p><br>
<p>Ban&#39;thula (Gampura)</p><br>
<p>Djurranalpi (Djanalpi)</p><br>
<p>Dharawa</p><br>
<p>Gitan</p><br>
<p>Gulmarri</p><br>
<p>Watdagawuy</p><br>
<p>Dhayirri</p><br>
<p>DyawiliFirst Creek)</p><br>
<p>Dadupu</p><br>
<p>Galawarra</p><br>
<p>Galiwinku is a traditional Aboriginal community with restricted access; permission to visit is required by law and can be made through the Northern Land Council directly or via the Galiwinku Council. Total alcohol restrictions apply and there is no gasoline available on the island; all gasoline-powered vehicles use the low-aromatic petrol "Opal" as a fuel substitute.</p><br>
<p>The settlement was originally established as a Methodist mission in 1942, with the arrival of Harold Shepherdson, a lay associate of the Methodist Overseas Mission from Milingimbi. It remained under Church direction until 1974 when it became self-managed. Eighteen connected clan groups within the Elcho Island locale have close cultural ties with mainland Arnhem Land clans and language groups. The most commonly spoken languages are Djambarrpuyngu and Gupapuyngu (both Yolngu Matha languages). However, there are at least twelve more languages in use in the region.</p><br>
<p>The island is served by Elcho Island Airport.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>According to the 2016 census of Population, there were 2,206 people in Elcho Island (counted as Galiwinku (State Suburb) in the Census Report).</p><br>
<p>Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 94.0% of the population.</p><br>
<p>97.7% of people were born in Australia.</p><br>
<p>78.1% of people spoke Djambarrpuyngu at home. 4.9% of people only spoke English at home.</p><br>
<p>The most common response for religion was Uniting Church at 86.8%.</p><br>
<p>42.2% of the population is under 20 years of age, with 14% over 50.</p><br>
<h2>Elcho Island Djuki Mala Dancers</h2><br>
<p>In 2007 a group of local Elcho Island dancers choreographed and performed a dance routine to Zorba the Greek. The performance was recorded and uploaded to YouTube on 2 November of that year; in six weeks the video received more than 360,000 views, averaging 8,000 a day. Due to this success the group toured parts of Queensland and performed in the Art Gallery of NSW in Sydney in June 2008. They also appeared as the opening act at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival Gala 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Cultural references</h2><br>
<p>Elcho Island was the inspiration for the song "My Island Home" originally written by Neil Murray for the Warumpi Band. The song was later covered by Christine Anu and she performed her rendition at the closing ceremony of the Sydney Olympic Games.</p><br>
<p>A memorial ceremony for George Burrarrawanga, one of the founding members of the Warumpi Band, was performed on the island in June 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>George Rrurrambu Burarrwanga, musician</p><br>
<p>Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, musician</p><br>
<p>The Rothaar Mountains , or Rothaar, is a low mountain range reaching heights of up to 843.1 m in North Rhine-Westphalia and Hesse, Germany.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that its name must once have been Rod-Hard-Gebirge, or "the cleared forest mountain range", as the range has nothing whatsoever to do with the colour red (rot in German), nor with hair (Haar).</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The thickly wooded Rothaar, rich in mineral deposits, is found mostly in Westphalia between the Sauerland in the north, the Upland (northeastern foothills of the Rothaar) in the northeast, Wittgenstein Land in the southeast and the Siegerland in the southwest; only the range&#39;s southeastern foothills are actually in Hesse. It stretches from the upper Eder and the Lenne from the Kahler Asten (841 m) southwest of the Winterberg Tableland (Winterberger Hochfläche) some 30 km to the southwest and drops off steeply towards the west, but much less sharply towards the east.</p><br>
<p>The Rothaar is a narrow, banklike, mostly over 600 m high mountain chain forming geologically a large northeastern part of the Rhine Massif (Rheinisches Schiefergebirge). Since the land&#39;s elevation averages quite high, the mountains themselves, up to the 843.1 m-high Langenberg hardly stand out from each other.</p><br>
<p>The Rothaar Mountains are more or less co-extensive with the Rothaar Mountain Nature Park, parts of which do, however, reach into neighbouring geological areas, such as the ones named here.</p><br>
<h3>Bodies of water</h3><br>
<p>In the northern Rothaar rise, among others, the rivers Diemel, Lenne, Neger, Nuhne, Odeborn, Orke, Ruhr, Wenne and Wilde Aa. In the south rise the Dill, Eder, Ferndorfbach, Ilse, Lahn and Sieg. Over the range runs the Rhine-Weser watershed. In the farthest southwest of the Rothaar are the Obernau and Breitenbach dams.</p><br>
<h3>Mountains</h3><br>
<p>Among the best known (but not necessarily the highest) of the Rothaar&#39;s peaks, which consist partly of porphyry, are (including all "Achthunderter", or "eight-hundreders", sorted by height):</p><br>
<p>The German Wikipedia has a more exhaustive list of the Rothaar&#39;s many peaks.</p><br>
<h3>Places</h3><br>
<p>In the Rothaar Mountains and/or the Rothaar Mountain Nature Park or their outskirts are found, among others, these municipalities:</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Many hiking trails run through the Rothaar Mountains, among others the Rothaar Path, a 154 km-long trail through the heights, and the Waldskulpturenweg ("Forest Sculpture Way") along which are found various sculptures and other artworks by different artists.</p><br>
<p>In winter, many sporting opportunities beckon visitors to the range. Suitable facilities for this include the Postwiesen skiing area (near Neuastenberg), the Skiliftkarussell Winterberg and Snow World Züschen.</p><br>
<p>Within or on the outskirts of the Rothaar are found the Panorama-Park Sauerland and Fort Fun Abenteuerland amusement parks.</p><br>
<h2>Free-ranging wisents?</h2><br>
<p>The club Taurus Naturentwicklung e. V. in cooperation with the Wittgenstein-Berleburg&#39;sche Rentkammer and the internationally active Large Herbivore Foundation (LHF), and with the involvement of the Hochsauerland biological station, is preparing to reintroduce free-ranging wisents into the Rothaar Mountains (Sauerland, North Rhine-Westphalia). The project is, however, not without its controversy in the region, with cultivators in particular worrying about possible damage that the creatures might do.</p><br>
<p>Medicine Bow Peak is the highest peak in the Snowy Range, a part of the Medicine Bow Mountains, about 35 miles west of Laramie, Wyoming. It lies within Medicine Bow National Forest and is the highest point in southern Wyoming. The summit lies in extreme western Albany County, but the mountain&#39;s lower reaches stretch westward into eastern Carbon County. The summit is more than 12,013 feet  high and is visible from Snowy Range Pass, elevation 10,847 ft , on Wyoming Highway 130, a Wyoming Scenic Byway. The most commonly used trail to the peak is a four-mile hike featuring switch-backs and a great deal of loose rock. The trails to the peak are usually open from early June to mid October.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is usually covered with snow from October to late June. During winter the peak can be reached by snowshoe or by skiing. Summer conditions can be extreme, with frequent thunderstorms and hail during the afternoons.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The peak is part of a proterozoic quartzite ridge that juts above the Snowy Range. It was glaciated until quite recently, and year-round snowfields are still present on its flanks. Periglacial polygons, also known as "stone nets", are located above the timberline. Several glacial lakes are located at the base of the peak.</p><br>
<p>Geologic publications have suggested that the Snowy Pass Supergroup at the peak is significantly older than, and unrelated to, the orogeny of the surrounding Medicine Bow mountains. These publications often refer to the mountain as "Medicine Peak", and its rock as "Precambrian Medicine Peak Quartzite". The quartzite, which lies unconformably on gneissic basement rock, has been analyzed for traces of Precambrian life. The findings may be pseudofossils.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Little is known of the mountain&#39;s history before the John C. Frémont expeditions of 1833 - 1834. Native American tribes such as the Northern Arapahoe, Northern Cheyenne, Lakota,</p><br>
<p>Ute, and Eastern Shoshone were known to have either inhabited the surrounding lowlands or used nearby canyons and mountain passes as travel routes.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, United Airlines Flight 409 crashed into the side of the mountain; there were no survivors. Engines and other fragments of the plane are still present at the base of the cliff. During the recovery process, several additional access routes were established, which are still in use today.</p><br>
<p>A memorial stone and plaque were placed near the crash site, known as "Disaster Wall", in August 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Biomes on the trails leading to the peak include alpine meadows, sub-alpine meadows, and taiga. Stunted and twisted Krummholtz trees, many of which are Engelmann spruce, are common at or just above the tree line. The wildflowers along its access trails include Indian Paintbrush, blue columbine, gentian, and harebell. The peak is located in a Special Botanical Area.</p><br>
<p>Mammals inhabiting the peak and its immediate surroundings include bighorn sheep, marmots, pikas, pine martens, mule deer, and dwarf shrew.</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>The Naviglio Grande is a canal in Lombardy, northern Italy, joining the Ticino river near Tornavento  to the Porta Ticinese dock, also known as the Darsena, in Milan. It drops 34 m over 49.9 km. It varies in width from 22 m to 50 m from Tornavento to Abbiategrasso, dropping to 15 m between there and Milan. Initially carries 63 m³ per second, 116 outlets take water to irrigate 500 square kilometres leaving the canal 12 m wide and carrying 12 m³ per second as it enters the dock.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Naviglio Grande was the most important of the Milan “navigli”. Probably originating as a ditch dug in 1157 between Abbiategrasso and Landriano as a defense against Frederick Barbarossa, it was one of the largest post-medieval engineering projects, allowing development of commerce, transport and agriculture.</p><br>
<p>In 1177, construction began near Tornavento, but problems stopped work almost immediately. In 1179 however, a dam was constructed and water from the Ticino was directed towards Turbigo, Castelletto di Cuggiono, Bernate and Boffalora reaching Gaggiano in 1233. This 30 km section, the “Navigium de Gazano” took over 50 years to dig by hand using only pickaxe and shovel. Prisoners from Turbigo were put to work in 1239 to increase the carrying capacity of the canal.</p><br>
<p>In 1258, the Naviglio Grande reached Milan. New taxes were levied to continue the digging, and although the work stopped again following opposition from the citizens and clergy, the whole canal was navigable from 1272, when the deepening and widening of the canal bed was completed by Giacomo Arribotti and the canal reached the bridge of Sant&#39;Eustorgio (now Porta Ticinese).</p><br>
<p>Although intended mostly for irrigation, pontoons called cobbie quickly began using the canal to take salt, grain, wine, manufactured goods, fabric, tableware, manure and ash upriver to Lake Maggiore and Switzerland, bringing back livestock, cheese, hay, coal, lumber, sand, marble and granite. The small lake of Sant&#39;Eustorgio was linked to the Fossa Interna (also known as the Cerchia Interna or Inner Ring) of Milan using a new system of two locks to control the water level, thereby allowing boats to reach Piazza Santo Stefano. This was to allow the canal to be used in transporting stone and marble for the Duomo, whose construction started in 1386. This confirmed the canal to be the most valuable form of transport of Milan, and proved that the network could be expanded to serve the whole region, especially in transferring troops rapidly between defensive castles.</p><br>
<p>Between 1830 and the end of the century, traffic averaged 8,300 boats of all sizes coming and going, carrying 350,000 tons per year. It peaked again during the second world war – with Allied planes bombing road and rail, water transport again became useful for transporting goods. The surge in activity continued after the war - in 1953 Porta Ticinese dock was the 13th largest in the country in terms of goods received. However, an increase in the value of goods and strong interests supporting road transport caused a rapid decline. During the sixties, the Fossa Interna was covered over and on March 30th 1979 the last cargo of sand was unloaded at the Darsena. Since then the canal has been used only for its original purpose, irrigation.</p><br>
<p>Recently the Istituto per i Navigli has been campaigning for the return of navigation on the canal. The project, called From Switzerland to the Sea promotes the restoration of the canal as part of a long distance waterway linking Lake Maggiore (partly in Switzerland) to Venice (Italy).</p><br>
<p>Mount Uwaynat or Gabal El Uweinat  is a mountain range in the area of the Egyptian-Libyan-Sudanese border.</p><br>
<p>The area is notable for its prehistoric petroglyphs first reported by the Egyptian explorer Ahmed Pasha Hassanein—the discoverer of Uweinat, who in 1923 traversed the first 40 km of the mountain towards E, without reaching the end.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Uwaynat lies about 40 km S-SE of Jabal Arkanu. The main spring called Ain Dua lies at the foot of the mountain, on the Libyan side. The W foot (located at 21&deg;52&prime;29&Prime;N latitude, 24&deg;54&prime;16&Prime;E longitude according to Hassanein) is 618 m high, and overcast with giant boulders fallen because of erosion. In general, the W slope constitutes an oasis, with wells, bushes and grass.</p><br>
<p>The western part of the massif consists of intrusive granite, arranged in a ring shape of some 25 km diameter, ending in three valleys (wadis) towards the west, named Karkur Hamid, Karkur Idriss and Karkur Ibrahim. Its eastern part consists of sandstone, ending in Karkur Talh. In Karkur Murr there is a permanent oasis (Guelta), Ain El Brins (Bir Murr). In the sandstone part four plateaus emerge from the level of the surrounding desert: the Hassanein plateau, connected to an unnamed plateau through a narrow neck, the Italia plateau and another unnamed plateau. The highest point of Uweinat is on top of the Italia plateau. There are two cairns on the top, the first was erected by R.A.Bagnold and the second by captain Marchesi, both in the 1930s.</p><br>
<h2>Exploration</h2><br>
<p>Ahmed Pasha Hassanein—The discoverer who first published its existence on his 1923 map.</p><br>
<p>Prince Kamal al-Dine Hussein (son of Hussein Kamel, Sultan of Egypt)</p><br>
<p>Ralph Alger Bagnold—Founder of the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) and desert explorer</p><br>
<p>Pat Clayton—LRDG and Egyptian Government Survey</p><br>
<p>László Almásy—Hungarian desert researcher</p><br>
<p>Hubert W. G. J. Penderel</p><br>
<p>Leo Frobenius</p><br>
<p>Hans Rhotert</p><br>
<p>Prinz Ferdinand von Lichtenstein</p><br>
<p>Mahmoud Marai (who co-discovered the Yam Inscriptions near the southern end of the mountain in 2007)</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Porth yr Ogof is a cave located near the village of Ystradfellte, near the southern boundary of the Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales. In 1998 the caves passageways had been measured as over 2.25 km in length. Among the caves fifteen entrances is the largest cave entrance in Wales and one of the largest in the UK standing at nearly 20 m wide and 8 m high . The cave was used as a show cave many years ago, but it does not have the attractions of more decorated caves such as Dan yr Ogof, and so today the cave is more often used to introduce people to the enjoyment of the exploration of caves. The cave is very susceptible to flash flooding which restricts visitor access.</p><br>
<h2>Inside the cave</h2><br>
<p>Entry to Porth yr Ogof is most often made through the wide Main Entrance, either using a dry ledge on the left or by wading through the knee-deep river to the centre and right. The second most used cave entrance is called the workmans (other wise known as tradesmans) entrances a passage in the left of this entrance which leads to a mud cavern.Cavers are presented various challenges inside, including The Wormhole (a curving crawl tube on the right wall of the Main Entrance), The Letterbox (a rectangular space in the passage) and The Creek, home to Death Ledge which is further inside the cave. There are also two features named the Washing Machine – both feature large expanses of water.</p><br>
<p>Porth yr Ogof is now uncommercialised, and is used as a learning resource for caving. Along with the other attractions in the cave, two short potholes are easily accessible by amateur potholers. The cave is generally wet, however; White Horse Pool, named so because of the shape of the calcite deposit on the back wall, is several metres in depth despite the shallowness of the edges, and there are many sumps (completely flooded passageways), the majority of which exist in the portions of the cave north of the Tradesman&#39;s Entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Deaths</h2><br>
<p>There have been eleven deaths at Porth yr Ogof since 1957, and all but one have lost their lives in the cold, fast-flowing and 7 m deep Resurgence Pool at the far end of the cave where the Afon Mellte resurges.</p><br>
<h2>Geological and human history</h2><br>
<p>Porth yr Ogof is Welsh, and is best translated as Gateway to the Cave. The cave lies in the valley of the Afon Mellte and is located in a comparatively narrow band of carboniferous limestone. The river bed is dry from Ystradfellte onwards, the river only rising to the surface again just before the cave.</p><br>
<p>The cave has been known to humans for many centuries, as it is not easily overlooked once one is in the valley, but because of the passageway&#39;s susceptibility to severe flooding there has been no evidence found of any prehistoric human habitation. The cave and its many visible fossils was mentioned in the writings of Edward Lhuyd, and in the 19th century it was mentioned again by the first pioneers of caving.</p><br>
<p>Andalusia is the name of Southern American author Flannery OConnors rural Georgia estate. The estate is located in Baldwin County, Georgia, approximately 4 mi northwest of Milledgeville. It comprises 544 acre, including the plantation house where O&#39;Connor wrote some of her last and best-known fiction.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land on which Andalusia was first built had in the mid-19th century been a working plantation of between 1,500 and 1,700 acres owned and operated by Joseph and Mary "Polly" Stovall. After Polly Stovall&#39;s death, the estate was purchased at a public auction by sometime mayor of Milledgveille, Nathan Hawkins, and later sold to Col. Thomas Johnson of Kentucky in 1870.</p><br>
<p>In 1951, Flannery O&#39;Connor returned to her home state of Georgia, where she had grown up, after being diagnosed with a form of lupus. She first lived in the family home of her mother, Regina, on Greene Street in Milledgeville, then owned by her uncles Louis and Bernard Cline. There, she finished her manuscript for her novel Wise Blood and, with her health improving, she moved with her mother to Andalusia, then still a working farm. She had visited the home every summer in her childhood. Her mother had jointly inherited the 544-acre property along with her brother Louis Cline from their uncle.</p><br>
<p>OConnor saw her time at Andalusia as a temporary place to restore her health, not as a permanent home, though her health still fluctuated. As she wrote to editor Robert Giroux, "I am up and around again now but wont be well enough to go back to Connecticut for some time." She hosted several visitors, including Jesuit priest Fr. James McCown, who became a close friend and spiritual mentor, and writer Katherine Anne Porter.</p><br>
<p>Even so, she sometimes felt isolated from the active literary culture which she hoped to join and lamented the boredom of her life at the farm: "This season we have had three peachickens hatch and have killed one rattlesnake. Otherwise nothing goes on around here." Nevertheless, she found her experience there was an influence on her writing. The bulk of her life&#39;s work was written there and several of her short stories are set in the area, including "The Displaced Person", which scholars identify as the one which closest resembles the farm. She died at Andalusia in 1964.</p><br>
<h2>Modern history</h2><br>
<p>It is believed that novelist John Kennedy Toole attempted to visit the house shortly before his suicide in 1969, though the home was not then open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 and opened as a museum in 2003. The estate is currently maintained by The Andalusia Foundation, Inc.</p><br>
<p>In August 2017, the Georgia College and State University accepted the donation of Andalusia. Matthew Davis, director of the historic Old Governor&#39;s Mansion, said the University plans to restore and preserve the farm.</p><br>
<p>Sand Island, formerly known as Quarantine Island, also known as Kush Island is a small island within the city of Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. The island lies at the entrance to Honolulu Harbor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was known as Quarantine Island during the nineteenth century, when it was used to quarantine ships believed to carry contagious passengers.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, Sand Island was used as an Army internment camp to house Japanese Americans as well as expatriates from Germany, Italy and other Axis countries living in Hawaii. The camp opened in December 1941, soon after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent mass arrests of civilians accused — often without evidence — of espionage or other fifth column activity. Over 600 Hawaiian residents, many of them USA citizens, would pass through Sand Island before it was closed in March 1943. Most of the internees had been transferred to Army and Department of Justice internment camps on the mainland beginning in February 1942; the remaining 149 were moved to the newly constructed Honouliuli Internment Camp.</p><br>
<p>During the 1970s, over 100 homeless native Hawaiians cleaned up the garbage that filled the island, built homes and took up residence. In the early 1980s, 180 acres of the island were reclaimed by the State of Hawaii for industrial and recreational development. Those who had taken up residence were evicted without compensation.</p><br>
<p>Sand Island Detention Camp</p><br>
<p>This camp detained internees until March 1, 1943, having immediately opened after the Pearl Harbor attack. Approximately $500,000 was spent on improving and maintaining the facilities. At one point, it consisted of two enclosures holding 250 Japanese males each, one holding 40 females of mixed races and one for 25 people of German or Italian ancestry.</p><br>
<p>The detention camp served as the principal transfer and holding site for Hawaii&#39;s civilian detainees for fifteen months. Shipments of Sand Island inmates to the USA mainland for prolonged confinement commenced in February 1942 and continued until the closure of the civilian camp in March 1943. By that point, more than six hundred local residents from across the Hawaiian Islands had passed through Sand Island on their way to continental camps. Two years later Sand Island was converted into a POW camp. By September 1945 the site held 1,010 Koreans and 952 Italians. Today Sand Island is home to a state recreation area, a USA Coast Guard base, a wastewater treatment facility, and an assortment of industrial facilities, but no evidence of the wartime detention center remains.</p><br>
<p>World War II</p><br>
<p>Dec. 7, 1941 — 7:57 am: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. 4:25 pm: martial law declared by Gov. Joseph B. Poindexter. Detention of local Japanese begins</p><br>
<p>Dec. 8, 1941 — Sand Island camp activated; it housed about 300 Issei and Nisei men and a handful of women. Camps are also activated on the islands of Hawai‘i (Kīlauea Military Camp), Kauaʻi (Kalaheo Stockade), and Maui (Haiku Camp) over the next few days.</p><br>
<p>Dec. 9, 1941 — Total arrested as of Dec. 9: 473. Breakdown: 345 Issei, 22 Nisei, 74 German nationals, 19 citizens of German ancestry, 11 Italian nationals, 2 citizens of Italian ancestry.</p><br>
<p>Feb. 19, 1942 — President Franklin Roosevelt issues Executive Order 9066, laying the groundwork for the mass forced removal and detention of 110,000 Japanese Americans living on the West Coast.</p><br>
<p>Feb. 21, 1942 — 199 prisoners at Sand Island are transported to mainland detention centers. Five more shipments take place in 1942 and 3 more in 1943. Meanwhile, prisoners held in neighbor island detention centers are transported to Sand Island.</p><br>
<p>March 30, 1942 — Total number of detainees by this date: 733, with 515 Issei, 93 Nisei, the remainder Germans or Italians.</p><br>
<p>March 1, 1943 —Sand Island closes; remaining detainees are transferred to a new camp in Honouliuli gulch.</p><br>
<p>Aug. 14, 1945 — Japan surrenders.</p><br>
<p>Nov. 14, 1945 — 450 internees return to Hawai‘i; 300 more return on Dec. 19. Total number of Hawai‘i internees: approx. 2,270.</p><br>
<p>Post War</p><br>
<p>1952 — Immigration Act of 1952 passes. Among other things, it allows for a token immigration quota for Japan and allows Issei to become naturalized citizens.</p><br>
<p>1988 — President Ronald Reagan signs the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 into law. Its provisions call for Japanese American survivors of the World War II internment to receive $20,000 reparations payments and a letter of apology from the President. The first recipients of reparations receive their checks and letters on October 9, 1990.</p><br>
<p>2006 — President Bush signs Public Law 109-441, a measure allotting $38 million towards the preservation and acquisition of historic confinement sites where Japanese Americans were detained during World War II.</p><br>
<p>2007 — The Hawai‘i State Legislature approves SB 1228, calling for a plan for how best to memoralize World War II confinement sites in Hawai‘i.</p><br>
<p>Feb. 24, 2015 — President Barack Obama signs the Presidential Proclamation designating the site of the Honouliuli Internment Camp as the Honouliuli National Monument.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and population</h2><br>
<p>According to the United States Census Bureau the island has a land area of 203.78 ha (0.7868 sq mi, or 503.55 acres), and a population of 184 persons as of the 2000 census.</p><br>
<p>Recreation</p><br>
<p>Sand Island is home to Sand Island State Park, which offers picnicking, camping, walking, shore fishing and board surfing. It fronts a small sand beach and has good views of Honolulu Harbor and ocean sunsets. The swimming conditions are fair, due to rocks in the water and the fact that Sand Island is near a busy harbor and underground sewer canals. Swimming is also limited to certain areas and not allowed in the harbor shipping lanes. However, fishing is good and you&#39;ll see many local fishermen trying their luck.</p><br>
<p>Sand Island also attracts tourists to its historical bunkers and lookout towers.</p><br>
<p>Current Social Issues</p><br>
<p>Sand Island is experiencing an issue with homelessness. Residents and city leaders have proposed the creation of a homeless camp. This has been an ongoing issue for several years. Even though there is much opposition, the city has disclosed plans on how it hopes to handle controversial public behaviors by some of the homeless population on the island. Their next step is to approach the full council for consideration.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Sand island climate is mild year round with very little seasonal difference in temperatures, however there is a very distinct difference between the wet and dry season. Summer high temperatures range from upper 80s to low 90s °F, with winter highs range from upper 70s to mid 80s °F. Precipitation is light year round, more so in the summer. There are approximately 3,100 hours of sunshine annually.</p><br>
<p>The Koshikijima Islands in the East China Sea are an island chain located 38 km west of the port city of Ichikikushikino, Kagoshima.</p><br>
<h2>Major islands</h2><br>
<h2>Minor islands</h2><br>
<p>All minor islands are currently (as in 2017) uninhabited.</p><br>
<p>seems to undergo significant erosion and may disappear</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The islands once consisted of 14 villages, belonging to Shikijima-gun, Satsuma Province (Satsuma no Kuni) during the Meiji period.</p><br>
<p>In 1889, the islands were consolidated into Kami-Koshiki and Shimo-Koshiki villages.</p><br>
<p>In 1897, the islands were merged with Satsuma-gun. Later, Kashima village and Sato village broke off, totalling in 4 villages.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, during "the great Heisei merger", the villages were merged with Sendai, a city that exists on the main island of Kyūshū.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The cruise course visiting many scenic coastal rocks and islets is available from Shimo-Koshiki island.</p><br>
<p>The Gete  is a river in Belgium which flows south to north. It is a left tributary of the Demer.</p><br>
<p>The Gete is formed by the confluence of the rivers Grote Gete ("Large Gete") and Kleine Gete ("Small Gete") near Budingen. From Budingen the river continues for 12 km to the city of Halen, where it flows into the Demer. In history, the river has always been the border between the Prince-Bishopric of Liège and the Duchy of Brabant.</p><br>
<p>The source of the Grote Gete is situated in the village of Perwez. The length of the river to Budingen is 51 km. The river flows through Jodoigne, Hoegaarden and Tienen.</p><br>
<p>The source of the Kleine Gete is in the village of Ramillies. It flows through Orp-Jauche, Hélécine and Zoutleeuw.</p><br>
<p>Yoke is a fell in the Lake District in Cumbria, England. It has a height of 706 m  and is situated in the far eastern sector of the national park, 6½ kilometres  ENE of the town of Ambleside. Yoke is the southern extremity of the long ridge that runs southwards from the fell of High Street. Yoke’s name is believed to be derived from the Old English language word geoc which is similar to the German word joch meaning mountain ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Yoke is not known to Lake District writers as one of the most attractive fells but it is climbed frequently as part of the Kentmere Horseshoe, a 19-kilometre (12-mile) walk with 1,100 metres (3,609 feet) of ascent that starts and finishes in the village of Kentmere and takes in the other fells of Kentmere Pike, Harter Fell, Mardale Ill Bell, High Street, Thornthwaite Crag, Froswick and Ill Bell. Most common direct ascents go via the summit of the Garburn Pass (Byway open to all traffic), which can be reached either from Kentmere or Troutbeck. At the top of the pass the walker turns northwards following a wall over initial boggy ground to reach the summit of the fell. Some repair work has been done on these southern slopes of Yoke to address the problem of footpath erosion</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Yoke’s most interesting topographic feature is Rainsborrow Crag on the Kentmere side of the fell. This is a 300-metre precipice which falls away to the valley floor; the crags have attracted top rock climbers. The little known Rainsborrow Tarn stands on the edge of the crags. It is possible that the Roman road between Ambleside and Penrith came over the slopes of Yoke: old maps have shown short stretches marked “roman road” on the fell. Yoke shows signs of former quarrying on both its Troutbeck and Kentmere flanks.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The view from the top of the fell takes in good views of Windermere and Morecambe Bay, although this view is better from a cairn 100 metres to the south. There is also a good view of the higher fells to the west around Coniston, Langdale and beyond. The view north is obstructed by the higher fell of Ill Bell although the summit of High Street can just be seen. Kentmere Reservoir can be viewed by walking 150 metres north-east of the summit to the top of Star Crag.</p><br>
<p>Kaunas Reservoir Regional Park was established in 1992 with the purpose to protect the unique lower landscape of Kaunas Reservoir, its natural ecosystem, and cultural heritage. It covers the total of 101.73 km²  and is one of the 30 regional parks in Lithuania.</p><br>
<p>The man-made Kaunas Reservoir altered the local landscape and now one can see newly formed exposures, altered mouths of tributaries to the Neman River (Nemunas) (what local people now call fiords). The shallower edges of the reservoir are becoming swampy and attract almost all known species of water birds in Lithuania. Old pine forests at Rumšiškės and Dabinta are rich in plant animal diversity. Here lives one of the biggest population of edible dormouses.</p><br>
<p>Besides the reservoir itself, there are other features made by man. They include Arlaviškis botanical reserve famous for its juniper valley, Girionys Park, a landscape park established on the bank of Kaunas Reservoir, in the eastern edge of Kaunas. It is the biggest park by area and the richest by its number of tree species in Lithuania. The total area of the park together with the village Girionys is 130 ha. Trees in the park have been planted to commemorate the considerable events and famous foresters as well. Since 1963 a tradition among Kaunas Forestry college graduates has been established: every year students plant the oak in this grove. The eastern part of the park leans to Raguoliai pine stand. This forest (81 ha) and protective plantings of Kaunas Reservoir slopes (39 ha) are managed as forest park, so today the total area of the park reaches 250 ha.</p><br>
<p>Cultural heritage objects include Pažaislis monastery, a 17th-century baroque architecture masterpiece which hosts an annual music festival, open-air museum in Rumšiškės covering 175 ha, Salomėja Nėris museum in Palemonas which hosts annual Poetry Spring. There are also more than 20 historical and archeological monuments. Pakalniškiai, Vieškūnai, Lašiniai, Samylai, Dovainoniai hillforts and Dovainoniai/Kapitoniškiai, Maisiejūnai/Surgantiškiai tumulusses are located in the park.</p><br>
<p>Haddington is a neighborhood in the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its borders are defined as Haverford Avenue/Girard Avenue to the north, 52nd Street to the east, Market Street to the south, and 67th Street to the most western edge of the neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>It is a largely African American community of mostly two-story rowhouses with a large proportion of elderly residents and a high home-ownership rate. Near the intersection of Vine Street and 56th Street, new construction and community facilities were built in the 1970s thanks to the Haddington Leadership Organization.</p><br>
<p>Haddington&#39;s Historic District is located on the 6000 blocks of Market, Ludlow, and Chestnut Streets, showcasing colonial and classical revival styles of architecture built from 1909 to 1915. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Also listed on the National Register of Historic Places are the George L. Brooks School and Thomas Dunlap School.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The School District of Philadelphia operates public schools.</p><br>
<p>The Free Library of Philadelphia Haddington Branch serves Haddington.</p><br>
<p>The Manhattan Building is a 16-story building at 431 South Dearborn Street in Chicago, Illinois. It was designed by architect William Le Baron Jenney and constructed from 1889 to 1891. It is the oldest surviving skyscraper in the world to use a purely skeletal supporting structure. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 16, 1976, and designated a Chicago Landmark on July 7, 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The distinctive bow windows provide light into the building&#39;s interior spaces, and the combination of a granite facade for the lower floors and brick facade for the upper stories helps lighten the load placed on the internal steel framework. The north and south walls of tile are supported on steel cantilevers that carry the load back to the internal supporting structure.</p><br>
<p>The versatility and strength of metal frame construction made the skyscraper possible, as evidenced by this structure, which reached the then-astounding height of 16 stories in 1891. Its architect was a pioneer in the development of tall buildings.</p><br>
<p>Lake Washington is the primary reservoir for the city of Newburgh, New York, United States. It is located just southwest of the city, lying partially within it and the neighboring towns of Newburgh and New Windsor. It holds approximately 1.5 e9USgal, an amount equivalent to the city&#39;s annual consumption.</p><br>
<p>Recreational facilities such as picnic grounds are accessible to the public at Masterson Park, near the reservoir&#39;s spillway along NY 207.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lake Washington was expanded and put into service as a reservoir in 1907, although it had been providing water to its predecessor, Monell&#39;s Pond, since 1852. The dam has been raised many times since then to increase capacity.</p><br>
<p>In 2016 the city briefly declared a water emergency and started using Browns Pond, its backup supply, when levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) near the federal Environmental Protection Agency guidelines of 200 parts per trillion (ppt) were found in the lake. It is not known yet where the PFOS came from; a pond on the Stewart Air Guard Base from which Silver Stream, one of Lake Washingtons tributaries, rises, had levels of 5,900 ppt. If Browns Pond runs out before the contamination can be remediated, the city would have to pay to draw from the Catskill Aqueduct, part of the New York City water supply system.</p><br>
<h2>Masterson Park</h2><br>
<p>Resident Frank Masterson had long dreamed of a place where the disabled, senior citizens and military veterans could go to fish. After his death in 1973, his friends decided to honor his memory by establishing such a park, and it was opened the following year.</p><br>
<p>It is managed by the city&#39;s Recreation Department, and fishing is allowed from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. Trout and pickerel, among others, can be taken. Boats can be rented for $6–14.</p><br>
<p>Great Stickle is a fell located in the southern Lake District of England with an altitude of 305 m . Alfred Wainwright included it in the Stickle Pike chapter of his "The Outlying Fells of Lakeland" . Geographically the fell is located on the southern ridge of Stickle Pike and is located between the lower Duddon Valley  and the valley of Dunnerdale Beck . A "stickle" is a hill with a prominent rocky top.</p><br>
<p>The fell is rugged in appearance with several craggy outcrops that are found especially on its summit and its southern slopes which descend to the hamlet of Broughton Mills. It is generally climbed in combination with Stickle Pike, the ridge between the two summits offering an interesting traverse and excellent views to the Furness Peninsula and the southern fells.</p><br>
<p>Cedar River  is a 67.1 mi river in the U.S. state of Michigan. It rises in the northern part of Menominee County at {{coord|45|53|18|N|87|35|15|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Cedar River }} and flows mostly south and east to empty into Green Bay of Lake Michigan at {{coord|45|24|35|N|87|21|05|W|region:US-MI_type:river_source:GNIS|name=Cedar River }} in the community of Cedar River.</p><br>
<p>The Little Cedar River, a tributary of the Menominee River, also flows mostly southward in Menominee County approximately 10 to 15 mi west of the Cedar River.</p><br>
<p>__TOC__</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries and features</h2><br>
<p>From the mouth:</p><br>
<p>* (left) Walton River</p><br>
<p>** (right) Westman Lake</p><br>
<p>** North Lake</p><br>
<p>*** Crystal Brook</p><br>
<p>*** Weary Creek</p><br>
<p>*** Big Brook</p><br>
<p>**** (left) Little Lake</p><br>
<p>***** Hayward Lake</p><br>
<p>****** Hayward Creek</p><br>
<p>****** Myers Lake</p><br>
<p>**** (right) Baird Creek</p><br>
<p>**** (right) Grant Brook</p><br>
<p>**** (left) Wagner Lake</p><br>
<p>* (left) Elwood Creek</p><br>
<p>** (left) West Ellwood Creek</p><br>
<p>** (right) Mill Creek</p><br>
<p>** (right) Dry Creek</p><br>
<p>* (left) Devils Creek</p><br>
<p>** (right)Camp H Creek</p><br>
<p>** (left) Crawford Creek</p><br>
<p>* (right) Brill Brook</p><br>
<p>* (right) Degraves Creek (also known as Degroves Creek)</p><br>
<p>* (left) Collard Creek</p><br>
<p>* (left) Crooked Creek</p><br>
<p>* (right) Depas Creek</p><br>
<p>** (left) Advent Creek</p><br>
<p>* (left) Mashek Creek</p><br>
<p>* (left) Brook Creek</p><br>
<p>** (right) Knap Creek</p><br>
<p>*** Kitchners Lake</p><br>
<p>** (left) Gordon Creek</p><br>
<p>* (right) Houle Creek</p><br>
<p>* (right) Fortyseven Mile Creek</p><br>
<p>** (right) Whitney Creek</p><br>
<p>* (left) Gorginski Creek</p><br>
<p>* (right) Wilson Creek</p><br>
<p>** (right) Arnold Lake</p><br>
<p>** (right) Indian Creek</p><br>
<p>*** Indian Lake</p><br>
<p>*** Little Indian Lake</p><br>
<p>* (left) Reed Brook</p><br>
<p>** Reed Lake</p><br>
<p>* (left) Alder Brook</p><br>
<p>** Wheeler Lake</p><br>
<p>* (left) West Branch Cedar River</p><br>
<p>** (left) Beaver Dam Creek</p><br>
<p>** (left) Menard Creek</p><br>
<p>** (left) Lake Number Eighteen</p><br>
<p>** (left) Vega Creek</p><br>
<p>** (right) Spruce Creek</p><br>
<p>*** Spruce Lake</p><br>
<p>* (left) Pittsburg Creek</p><br>
<p>* (left) Labre Creek</p><br>
<p>* (left) Nacomis Creek</p><br>
<h2>Drainage basin</h2><br>
<p>The Cedar River drains all or portions of the following:</p><br>
<p>* Delta County</p><br>
<p>** Bark River Township</p><br>
<p>* Menominee County</p><br>
<p>** Cedarville Township</p><br>
<p>** Daggett Township</p><br>
<p>** Gourley Township</p><br>
<p>** Harris Township</p><br>
<p>** Ingallston Township</p><br>
<p>** Meyer Township</p><br>
<p>** Nadeau Township</p><br>
<p>** Village of Powers</p><br>
<p>** Spalding Township</p><br>
<p>** Stephenson Township</p><br>
<p>The Withlacoochee River originates in Georgia, northwest of Nashville, Georgia. It flows south through Berrien County where it joins the New River and forms part of the boundary between Berrien and Cook counties. It then flows south into Lowndes County, Georgia. At Troupville, Georgia the Little River joins the Withlacoochee River flows continues to flow south and forms part of the boundary between Lowndes and Brooks counties in Georgia. The river then flows into Florida for 1.34 miles Florida before returning into Georgia for an additional 2.44 miles. It then returns to Florida, forming the northeast boundary of Madison County, Florida and the western boundary of Hamilton County, Florida and eventually merges with the Suwannee at Suwannee River State Park west of Live Oak. The river is 115 mi long. It is believed to be the source for the name of the central Florida river of the same name.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Withlacoochee River received its name from the Muskogean peoples who inhabited South Georgia. It comes from the compound Creek word ue-rakkuce IPA: , from ue "water", rakko "big", and -uce "small", with the rough translation "little river." English speakers then changed the Muskogee voiceless lateral spelled r to "thl".</p><br>
<h2>Crossings</h2><br>
<p>Blackbeards Castle is one of five National Historic Landmarks in the USA Virgin Islands. It is located in the city of Charlotte Amalie, on the island of St. Thomas. Built in 1679 by the Danes as a watchtower to protect the harbor as well as Fort Christian. Blackbeards Castle was originally called Skytsborg . It is located at the highest point on Government Hill. Skytsborg served as a very effective vantage point for Danish soldiers to spot enemy ships. Fort Christian is at sea level, thus making it ideal for thwarting attackers with cannon fire; however, the fort itself did not provide an ideal view of incoming ships entering the harbor.</p><br>
<p>It is not known what year Skytsborg took on the name of Blackbeards Castle, but the infamous Edward Teach, commonly known as Blackbeard, did sail the Caribbean waters in the early 18th century. It has become part of the lore of the island that he used the tower as a lookout for his own purposes of piracy. It was the centerpiece of a private residence for many years, but now is surrounded by a small hotel (The Inn at Blackbeards Castle), a pool, and a snack bar that is open when the grounds are open for tours. The restaurant closed in 2007. The attraction itself officially closed on May 4th, 2015, but has now re-opened for self-guided walking tours seasonally from October 20, 2015 through May 1, 2016 Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday 9am-2pm. Tickets are available from the front gate for $15, with an optional rum tour included for $27 total.</p><br>
<p>Fifth Avenue High School is a defunct school located at 1800 Fifth Avenue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania&#39;s Bluff neighborhood, United States.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1894 as a large Romanesque/Gothic Revival building, it served the Pittsburgh Public Schools until its closure in 1976. For over thirty years, the building sat empty, boarded up, and fenced off until it was eventually converted into other uses.</p><br>
<p>Fifth Avenue was the first fireproof school in Pennsylvania and was home to the Alpha Chapter of the National Honor Society. Its colors were red and white, and the mascot was the Archer, so chosen because of the school&#39;s architecture and hallways filled with Gothic and Victorian arches lined with red and white tile.</p><br>
<p>Fifth Avenue was a dominant force in city sports, winning the state title in its last year open for basketball. The school served the Lower Hill District, while its main rival, Schenley High School, served the upper and middle Hill.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 and was listed as a Pittsburgh History & Landmarks Foundation landmark in 1998 and a City of Pittsburgh landmark in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 2009, it was converted into loft apartments by a Pittsburgh-based investor group. Construction on the project was completed in 2012. Numerous components of the structure, such as plaster ceilings in common areas, were saved, preserved, or reused in the renovations.</p><br>
<p>Among the school&#39;s notable alumni are former Mayor of Pittsburgh Sophie Masloff, Dapper Dan Charities founder and former Pittsburgh Post-Gazette sports editor Al Abrams, and forensic pathologist Cyril Wecht, who served as Coroner (later Medical Examiner) and a Commissioner of Allegheny County.</p><br>
<p>The Minnesota Territorial Prison, later the Minnesota State Prison, was a prison in Stillwater, Minnesota, United States, in operation from 1853 to 1914. Construction of the prison began in 1851, shortly after Minnesota became a territory. The prison was replaced by the Minnesota Correctional Facility – Stillwater in nearby Bayport. Most of the original prisons structures were demolished in 1936, leaving only the 1853 Wardens House and a manual labor complex that had been constructed 1884–1898. The surviving factory buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having state-level significance in the themes of industry and social history. The historic site, long since unused, was destroyed by arson on September 3, 2002. It was formally delisted from the National Register in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Plans for Minnesotas first prison were proposed by Governor Alexander Ramsey in 1849 and federal funds were secured the following year. The Minnesota Territorial Prison was constructed within a ravine on the northern edge of Stillwater. The site was chosen for its convenient proximity to the St. Croix River and its steamboat landings, and because the marshy land would be cheap. The architect was Jacob Fisher and the contractor was the Jesse Taylor Company. The initial phase of construction between 1851 and 1853 resulted in the main prison building, the outer walls, and the wardens house overlooking the complex from the bluff to the south.</p><br>
<p>The prison opened in 1853. The first warden was Francis R. Delano, who had been involved in its construction through the Jesse Taylor Company. The facility instituted a prison library under his leadership, and by 1858 had a physician and chaplain on staff. In 1859 the prison began leasing penal labor, providing private businesses with property on site and convict workers. Classic black-and-white-striped prison uniforms were adopted in 1860, and the reduction of sentences for good conduct time in 1862. An inmate-published newspaper, The Prison Mirror, launched in 1887.</p><br>
<p>In 1890, in an attempt to reduce political favoritism in the contract labor system, the prison began its own manufacturing program. Twine was the initial product. The following years saw Minnesota&#39;s first appointment of professional penologists as wardens. This led to reforms such as a convict grading system and a school for prison education. Warden Henry Wolfer also decried the conditions of the old prison, which by then was overcrowded, damp, poorly ventilated, and infested with cockroaches and bedbugs. He succeeded in getting the Minnesota Legislature to authorize funds for a new facility as the first decade of the 20th century drew to a close.</p><br>
<h2>Closure and later history</h2><br>
<p>The prison closed in 1914 upon relocation to the new facility in Bayport. The manual labor facilities and the warden&#39;s house remained in use, however. The rest of the complex was demolished in 1936. Prisoners continued making twine at the old site into the 1970s, when the factory buildings were finally sold off. A dairy company operated out of them for decades, ultimately selling the property back to the city of Stillwater in 1996. There were hopes to convert the buildings into a hotel and conference center, but those plans fell through and the complex stood vacant. In 2002 a new set of developers was poised to renovate the site into apartments and condominiums.</p><br>
<p>However, on September 3, 2002, the three-story factory and a one-story warehouse were destroyed in a massive fire. Though the factory had a brick veneer, both buildings had internal wood frames. Fire departments from nearly a dozen cities responded, but flames were shooting over 100 ft into the air and suppression efforts shifted to protecting nearby buildings such as the Wardens House. A few days later two men in their early 20s from Saint Paul came forward to say they and a friend had entered the vacant complex on the 3rd to explore and look for evidence of haunting. The friend, 18-year-old Peter Weyandt, wandered off by himself and then insisted they leave in a hurry. Weyandt reportedly claimed on the ride back that hed started a fire, but his friends assumed he was joking until they got home and saw the news on TV. Weyandt was arrested and charged with second-degree arson. He stated that he&#39;d set a piece of cardboard on fire out of boredom. Weyandt pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 180 days in jail. No charges were filed against his companions.</p><br>
<p>Despite the fire, redevelopment plans for the site proceeded. In 2003 the $2.1 million sale was finalized for construction of the Terra Springs condominium complex. The adjacent residence of the prisons wardens is now operated by the Washington County Historical Society as the Wardens House Museum. It contains exhibits on the former prison, period decor from the wardens&#39; tenancy, and other aspects of Stillwater history.</p><br>
<h2>Notable inmates</h2><br>
<p>The prison was well-known because it once housed Cole, Bob, and Jim Younger, accomplices of Jesse James in the James–Younger Gang.</p><br>
<p>The French Legation is an historic legation building in eastern Austin, Texas, built in 1841 to represent the French government in the new Republic of Texas.</p><br>
<p>It is among the oldest extant frame structures in Austin. The building and its surroundings were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The French Legation is also a</p><br>
<p>Recorded Texas Historic Landmark, a City of Austin Historic Landmark, and a Texas State Antiquities Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Until recently, the historic site and its buildings were managed and operated by the Daughters of the Republic of Texas as custodians for the State of Texas which holds title to the property.</p><br>
<p>On June 12, 2017, Texas Governor Greg Abbott signed into law House Bill 3810, to transfer the French Legation to the Texas Historical Commission, effective September 1, 2017. Concurrent to the transfer of the property, the state agreed to allocate $1.56 million in emergency deferred maintenance funds to address the most pressing structural problems of the Legation building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Texas declared independence from Mexico in 1836, France was one of two countries (the other being the United States) to officially recognize Texas as an independent state. The Treaty of Amity, Navigation, and Commerce between the two countries formalized this recognition in September 25, 1839. France assigned, a secretary to the French Legation in Washington, to be the new chargé d&#39;affaires to the Republic of Texas, representing the King of France, Louis Philippe.</p><br>
<p>The legation structure was completed in 1841, approximately a half-mile east of the city center. Dubois gave multi-course dinner parties in the cabin he rented downtown as his mansion was built, and worked with legislators to bring French settlers to Texas. Count de Saligny&#39;s stay in Austin was not, however, without conflict. Dubois and the inn-keeper Richard Bullock were enemies. His conflict with Austinites even came to blows in the so-called 1841 Pig War, when his butler killed several havoc-wreaking pigs belonging to Bullock and was in turn assaulted by Bullock.</p><br>
<p>After the young nations capital was temporarily moved to Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, in 1842 during the Archive War, Dubois house was abandoned. The French government recalled Count de Saligny in 1846, when the Republic of Texas ceased to be a country.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was later occupied by John Mary Odin, first Bishop of the Diocese of Galveston, and then Moseley Baker, a veteran of the Texas Revolution, in 1847. Dr. Joseph W. Robertson bought the estate from Baker and generations of his family resided there until 1940.</p><br>
<p>During Dubois&#39; time in Austin he held at least three enslaved people. The Robertson family enslaved at least nine people at their property, using their work to supply food and to do household chores.</p><br>
<p>The State of Texas purchased the site from Robertson&#39;s heirs in 1945. At that time, the state placed the property in the custody of the Daughters of the Republic of Texas (DRT), who established the French Legation Museum in 1949. The DRT restored the legation building and grounds in a manner similar to other house museums in the mid-twentieth century. The collection included few original objects, and the interior finishes chosen during the restoration conflict with later paint analysis. The site opened to the public on April 5, 1956.</p><br>
<p>The view of the Texas State Capitol from the front porch of the French Legation is one of the Capitol View Corridors protected under state and local law from obstruction by tall buildings since 1983. Since the mid 1990s, the professional staff has worked to include the surrounding East Austin community in its programs and interpretation.</p><br>
<p>The Rudston Monolith at over 7.6 m is the tallest megalith  in the United Kingdom. It is situated in the churchyard in the village of Rudston in the East Riding of Yorkshire.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone is slender, with two large flat faces. It is approximately 1.75 m wide, and just under one metre thick. The top appears to have broken off the stone. If pointed, the stone would originally have stood about 8.5 m. In 1773, the stone was capped in lead; this was later removed, though the stone is currently capped. The monolith is made of gritstone. The nearest source for the stone (Cayton or Cornelian Bay) is 16 km north of the site, although it may have been brought naturally to the site as a glacial erratic. The monument dates to the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age period. A possible fossilised dinosaur footprint is said to be on one side of the stone, though a study by English Heritage in 2015 concluded that this claim was unsubstantiated.</p><br>
<p>There is one other smaller stone, of the same type, in the churchyard, which was once situated near the large stone. The Norman church was almost certainly intentionally built on a site that was already considered sacred, a practice common through the country – indeed the name of Rudston is thought to come from the Old English "Rood-stane", meaning "cross-stone", implying that a stone already venerated was adapted for Christian purposes.</p><br>
<p>There are many other prehistoric monuments in the area, including four cursuses, three of which appear to converge towards the site of the monolith.</p><br>
<h2>Antiquarian accounts</h2><br>
<p>Sir William Stukeley found "the dimensions of the monolith within ground as large as those without". Stukeley found many skulls during his dig and suggested they might have been sacrificial.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Waller states that in 1861 during levelling of the churchyard the surface of the ground near the monolith was raised 5 ft.</p><br>
<p>Milingimbi Island, also Yurruwi, is the largest island of the Crocodile Islands group off the coast of Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Milingimbi lies approximately 440 km east of Darwin and 200 km west of Nhulunbuy.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Aboriginal people have occupied this area for more than 40,000 years. It was an important ritual centre for the great ceremonies conducted by aboriginal peoples of this area. A settlement was established on the island in 1923 by the Methodist Overseas Mission. The Mission attracted aboriginal people from eastern clan groups to the island. These included Gupapuyŋu and Djambarrpuyŋu, as well as Wangurri and Warramirri speaking people. The traditional owners of Milingimbi and the surrounding seas and islands are Yan-nhangu speaking Yolngu people.</p><br>
<p>The island was bombed by the Japanese during World War II and most of its population moved to nearby Elcho Island. After the war, the Island continued to be used as a Royal Australian Air Force base, before the missionaries returned in 1951. The Mission continued to administer the island until 1974 when administration was transferred to Milingimbi Community Incorporated. In 2008 Milingimbi became part of the East Arnhem Shire Council and the shire took over local government.</p><br>
<h2>Language</h2><br>
<p>English is a second, third or fourth language for most Aboriginal residents of Milingimbi. A successful Bilingual program of the Milingimbi CEC, started in 1974, was stopped. Bilingual education is still continued on some of the surrounding outstations by traditional owners concerned to support the linguistic, cultural and biological diversity of the Crocodile Islands. To this end the Yan-nhangu traditional owners have started the volunteer Crocodile Islands Rangers project to promote sustainable livelihood activities for local people in local languages.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The Island has its own airfield, Milingimbi Airport, with the airport call-sign YMGB. Milingimbi is the site of a Bureau of Meteorology weather station. The Island also has its own ALPA (Arnhem Land Progress Aboriginal Corporation) store and post office, along with an art gallery.</p><br>
<h2>Notable locals</h2><br>
<p>Artist David Malangi attended school at Milingimbi in his childhood.</p><br>
<p>The noted didgeridoo maker and player Djalu Gurruwiwi was born, according to one account, at Milingimbi.</p><br>
<p>Northern Territory senior Australian of the Year 2012, Laurie Baymarrwangga, is the senior djungaya (manager) of Milingimbi Island. She was awarded the 2011 Northern Territory Innovation and Research Award for her projects including the development of a Yan-nhaŋu Dictionary (1994-2012) and her work with the Crocodile Islands Rangers. Baymarrwangga was photographed by Donald Thomson at Milingimbi and at Murrungga in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Sirogojno is a village in Serbia located on Mt. Zlatibor.</p><br>
<p>In Sirogojno there is also an open-air museum, or "ethno village" known as the Old Village Museum (Serbian: Музеј Старо село" / Muzej "Staro selo"), covering nearly 5 hectares with authentic elements of ordinary life collected from all over the Zlatibor region from the 19th century. The ethno village displays a set of traditional wooden buildings, including a bakery, a dairy, and an inn, all in authentic form.</p><br>
<p>The village of Sirogojno was declared a Monument of Culture of Exceptional Importance in 1983, and it is protected by the Republic of Serbia.</p><br>
<h2>Church of Saints Peter and Paul the Apostles</h2><br>
<p>The Serbian Orthodox church in Sirogojno was built in 1764. It is dedicated to the apostles St. Peter and St. Paul, as is written on the royal doors beside the signature of icon painter Simeon Lazovic (Lazović). The village graveyard is located next to the church. The reconstruction of the original layout of the church in Sirogojno was based on special preserved manuscripts, protocols, records, and other historical sources.</p><br>
<p>Clear Lake is the name of a natural spring fed body of water located in Cerro Gordo County, Iowa near Clear Lake, Iowa. It is approximately 3,684 acre in size. It is a popular fishing destination, with walleye, bullhead, yellow bass and channel catfish. People from Des Moines and Minneapolis–Saint Paul have had homes on the shores of the lake since the 1870s. The average depth is 10 ft and the maximum depth is 30 ft, in the dredged area of the west end. The lake has 13.6 mi of shoreline. As of 2004, the lake has seen major efforts undergone to restore its natural clarity, including filtration systems, dredging, and education of local farmers to reduce toxic pesticides from entering the lake. Clear Lake has been named the "Best Iowa Lake Town" by The Des Moines Register and "A Top Vacation Spot" by Midwest Living magazine.</p><br>
<h2>Boating</h2><br>
<p>Clear Lake is home to the Clear Lake Yacht Club, a sailing club in downtown Clear Lake, Iowa. Many members race and equally informally cruise the lake. Each weekend between Memorial Day and Labor Day, the course is set on the main basin of the lake and boats can be seen racing for miles. Another sailing main stay is the Cougar Bay beach. The 250 ft beach was home to 60 to 100 Catamaran sailboats during the summer months. Clear Lake is the highest point in Cerro Gordo County, making wind always common on the water, and therefore a sailor&#39;s paradise. The Lady of the Lake is a steamboat- like cruising boat that often cruises all over the lake. Water skiing, wake boarding, tubing, and many other behind boat sports are common all over the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Notable Places</h2><br>
<p>Clear Lake is dotted with several different landmarks for orientation on the water. Woodford Island is often visible from every point on the lake, making it a navigational aid. A hotel was located on the island until a fire leveled it in the 1930s. Now the island is mostly made up of trees and many other plants. Lone Tree Point, Farmers Beach, and Mcintosh Woods are also very natural, with many trees and beaches and few buildings. Notable lakeside communities include the city of Clear Lake, the smaller city of Ventura, Bayside, Dodges Point, Buzzards Bay, Tanglefoot, and Bell Harbor. The city of Clear Lake is at the eastern side of the lake and is home to many of the lake&#39;s attractions including many restaurants, parks, city services, etc. The small town of Ventura sits on the northwestern basin of the lake. It is at the farthest part of the lake from the city of Clear Lake. Bayside is located on a peninsula south of Woodford Island. It used to be home to an amusement park but is now a neighborhood. Dodges Point is another peninsula on the south shore. It has houses on the lakeside and the middle is mostly made up of grass and trees. Buzzards Bay is a bay area set between Dodges Point and Tanglefoot. Most of the bay has a sidewalk running on the lakeside of each house. Tanglefoot is a neighborhood to the west of Buzzards Bay and Dodges Point. It is home to a Girl Scout camp and many houses. The western part is bordered by a large wooded area that connects to Farmers Beach and Lone Tree Point. Bell Harbor is a community located in between Bayside and Dodges Point and is home to a large lawn on the lakeside surrounded by condos and houses. Two other notable communities on the waterfront include The Venetian Village and The Harborage. Both of these sit on man made canals and harbors on the northern shore of the lake. Clear Lake is also home to the historic Surf Ballroom which was where Buddy Holly, The Big Bopper, and Ritchie Valens made their last performance on Feb. 3, 1959 before being killed hours later in a tragic plane crash. Often Feb. 3, 1959 is referred to as "The Day the Music Died" as highlighted in the Don McLean hit "American Pie."</p><br>
<p>Peninsula Lake in the District Municipality of Muskoka, is one of the  Muskoka Lakes.</p><br>
<p>Peninsula Lake is a mid-sized cold-water lake located just east of Huntsville, Ontario. Municipal jurisdiction is split between the Town of Huntsville and the Township of Lake of Bays. The Lake encompasses a surface area of 868.8 ha (8.6 km²) and a total shoreline of 27.4 km.</p><br>
<p>The shoreline of Peninsula Lake is generally characterized as being typical of most developed cottage country lakes. The land immediately surrounding Peninsula Lake has predominantly residential uses. However, there are 7 commercial resorts, including, one commercial ski hill and one residential condominium. Other resorts on the lake include Deerhurst Resort and Hidden Valley Resort. There are two large islands on the lake. Hills Island, the largest of the two is situated in the central waters and Wolf Island is located in Wolf Bay at the lake&#39;s eastern edge.</p><br>
<p>There is currently no industrial development, although the area has been heavily logged over the past two centuries.</p><br>
<p>The G8 summit was held on the lake at the Deerhurst Resort from June 25–26, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The water level of Peninsula Lake is controlled at two points. The first control point, which is the outlet of the lake, is the canal that is located between Fairy and Peninsula Lake. The canal was excavated in 1888 to facilitate access to Peninsula Lake by large steam ships. Before the canal was created the area consisted of a small stream and wetland. The second point is a water control structure located at the outlet of Fairy Lake. This dam was built in 1877 to control the water levels of Fairy and Peninsula Lakes to enhance navigation and logging operations.</p><br>
<p>Kingman Island  and Heritage Island are islands in Northeast and Southeast Washington, D.C., in the Anacostia River. Both islands are man-made, built from material dredged from the Anacostia River and completed in 1916. Kingman Island is bordered on the east by the Anacostia River, and on the west by 110 acre Kingman Lake. with the southern half of the island bisected again by East Capitol Street and the Whitney Young Memorial Bridge. As of 2010, Langston Golf Course occupied the northern half of Kingman Island, while the southern half of Kingman Island and all of Heritage Island remained largely undeveloped. Kingman Island, Kingman Lake and nearby Kingman Park are named after Brigadier General Dan Christie Kingman, the former head of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.</p><br>
<h2>History of the site</h2><br>
<h3>Early geography</h3><br>
<p>Prior to the arrival of European settlers in the 18th century, the Anacostia River was a fast-flowing and relatively silt-free river with very few mudflats or marshes. White settlers cleared much of the surrounding forest for farmland, however, and extensive soil erosion led to a heavy load of silt and effluent in the Anacostia. In 1805, local landowner Benjamin Stoddert built a wooden bridge over the Anacostia River at the present site of Ethel Kennedy Bridge. The bridge was sold Thomas Ewell, who in the 1820s sold it to William Benning. Thereafter the structure was known as Bennings Bridge (or Benning Bridge). The wooden bridge was rebuilt several times after 1805. This included construction of a steel bridge in 1892. The construction of Benning and other bridges and the diversion of inflowing streams to agricultural use also slowed the rivers current, allowing much of the silt to settle and be deposited.</p><br>
<p>Between 1860 and the late 1880s, large mudflats ("the Anacostia flats") formed on both banks of the Anacostia River due to this deforestation and runoff. At this time, the city allowed its sewage to pour untreated into the Anacostia. Marsh grass began growing in the flats, trapping the sewage and leading public health experts to conclude that the flats were unsanitary. Health officials also feared that the flats were a prime breeding ground for malaria- and yellow fever-carrying mosquitoes. By 1876, a large mudflat had formed immediately south of Benning Bridge and another flat some 740 ft wide had developed south of that. By 1883, a stream named "Succabel&#39;s Gut" traversed the upper flat and another dubbed "Turtle Gut" the lower, and almost all flats on the river hosted substantial populations of American lotus, lily pads, and wild rice.</p><br>
<h3>Dredging</h3><br>
<p>In 1898, officials with the United States Army Corps of Engineers and the District of Columbia convinced the United States Congress that the Anacostia River should be dredged to create a more commercially viable channel that would enhance the local economy. The dredged material would be used to build up the marshes—drying them out and eliminating the public health dangers they caused, as well as creating land where factories or warehouses might be built. Although the height of the reclaimed land would vary from 14 ft to 24 ft (the amount of dredged material depended on how much money was appropriated), the Corps of Engineers hoped to reclaim mudflats from Pennsylvania Avenue SE north to at least Benning Bridge.</p><br>
<p>Decisions on how to use the newly created land occurred over the next few years. In 1900, the United States Senate established the McMillan Commission, a body to advise the Congress and District of Columbia on ways to improve the parks, monuments, memorials, and infrastructure of the city as well as plan for urban renewal, economic growth, and expansion of the federal government. The McMillan Commission concluded that commercial land was not needed and proposed turning the reclaimed flats into parkland. The D.C. government agreed in 1905, and the United States Commission of Fine Arts (a federal advisory agency with review authority over the design and aesthetics of projects within Washington, D.C.) and the Army Corps of Engineers concurred in 1914. Most of the reclaimed mudflats were subsequently declared to be parkland and named Anacostia Water Park (now Anacostia Park) in 1919. The National Capital Park and Planning Commission (NCPPC) signed on (belatedly) to the park plan in 1928.</p><br>
<p>The original dredging plan called for a channel 15 ft wide on the Anacostia&#39;s west bank from the 11th Street Bridges to Massachusetts Avenue SE, narrowing to a 9 ft wide channel from Massachusetts Avenue SE to the Maryland-District border line. The Commission also proposed using dredged material to build islands within the lake. The Corps also planned to create several large islands in the lake</p><br>
<p>The firm of Sanford and Brooks began the dredging in January 1903, at which time the Army Corps of Engineers began surveying the surrounding land to determine whether the federal government or private landowners had title to the marshes themselves. The survey work was complete by November 1905, with the USA government asserting ownership over the flats. In June 1912, Congress appropriated $100,000 to dredge the Anacostia from the 11th Street Bridges to the District-Maryland line. In June 1915, the dredges discovered two large anchors with many feet of chain attached to them. The anchors were believed to have come from United States Navy gunboat barges burned on the Anacostia River in 1814 during the War of 1812. Both Kingman Island and Heritage Island were completed in 1916.</p><br>
<h3>Ownership and plan changes</h3><br>
<p>In 1915, ownership of the newly created land became an issue in a lawsuit. The boundary of the District of Columbia had been set by the Black-Jenkins Award, a decision by an arbitration panel in 1874 which resolved centuries of dispute by placing Virginias boundary with Maryland at the low-water mark on the Virginia side of the Potomac River. The Virginia retrocession of 1846-1847 returned a portion of the District of Columbia on the Virginia site of the Potomac River to the state of Virginia. This left in doubt the exact position of the Districts border with Virginia. In Morris v. United States, 174 USA 196 (1899), the Supreme Court of the United States held that land built in the Potomac River not only belonged to the District of Columbia but to the federal government (contrary to the claims of private landowners, who believed the property belonged to them). In Maryland v. West Virginia, 217 U. S. 1 (1910), the USA Supreme Court again affirmed that Marylands southern border extended to the low-water mark on the far side of the Potomac River. The issue arose again in 1915, when the Washington Steel & Ordnance Company claimed it owned the newly created land in the Anacostia River created by the dredging operation. The District of Columbia Supreme Court held on December 29, 1915, that the federal government held title to the land. But this decision was overturned on technical grounds by the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in Washington Steel & Ordnance Company v. Martin, 45 App. 600 (1917). Nonetheless, in dicta in Washington Steel & Ordnance Company, the court of appeals made note of the Supreme Courts ruling in Morris v. United States and held that the reclaimed land belonged to the federal government. The issue as to who owned the dredged land and islands seemed settled.</p><br>
<p>By 1920, the Corps of Engineers had dropped the dam idea and instead proposed creating a 6 ft deep lake on one side of the Anacostia River by linking several of the mid-river islands it had built with dikes. That same year, Congress specifically prohibited the Corps from extending Anacostia Park beyond Benning Bridge, which forced the Corps to drop its plans for a drawbridge. In late 1922, dredging temporarily ceased after funding for continued dredging ran out.</p><br>
<h2>Early development efforts</h2><br>
<h3>1920s–40s</h3><br>
<p>In 1926, the National Aeronautic Association proposed filling in all or part of Kingman Lake to expand Kingman Island so that a new city airport could be built there. Two years later, the piers supporting the Benning Bridge were reconfigured to permit a dredge to pass between them. The existing piers (which were 26.5 ft apart) were replaced with piers 30.5 ft apart. The reconfiguration was exceptionally complex, as 92 percent of the city&#39;s electrical supply passed through cables carried by Benning Bridge. The new, large dredging ship Benning was used to dredge the upper part of the Anacostia River, and some of the fill from this operation was used to create two new islands in Kingman Lake, named Island No. 3 (3 acre in size) and Island No. 4 (4 acre in size).</p><br>
<p>In 1934, Benning Bridge was rebuilt as a beam bridge on concrete piers. That same year, the Corps of Engineers transferred ownership of Anacostia Park, Kingman and Heritage islands, and Kingman Lake to the National Park Service. The Park Service also proposed extending East Capitol Street onto the reclaimed land and then over the Anacostia River, and building a complex of sports stadiums, an armory, an outdoor theater, a swimming pool, an ice skating rink, and athletic fields on the flats. Legislation proposing a bridge across Kingman Island and stadium complex in Anacostia Park was submitted to Congress, which did not act on the proposals. The first nine holes of Langston Golf Course were built on the north end of Kingman Island in 1939, and the back nine on the lake&#39;s western shore in 1955.</p><br>
<p>Work on the islands stopped in 1941 due to budgetary and resource shortages associated with the advent of World War II. In August 1947, construction of an airport on Kingman Island was again proposed, but the NCPPC disapproved the proposal in December. The project was proposed again in August 1948, because dredged material was still being placed on Kingman Island to build it up and large portions of the island remained undeveloped.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, the last pair of bald eagles on the Anacostia River abandoned their nest on Kingman Island. Although a bird watcher claimed to have seen a bald eagle nest on the Anacostia River in 1988, the bald eagle did not return until transplanted eaglets returned to the river as adults in 2004.</p><br>
<h3>1950s–60s</h3><br>
<p>The city finally extended East Capitol Street across the Anacostia River and Kingman Island in 1955. That 1934 proposal was finally approved by city and federal planners in 1949. Construction required that 650,000 cubic yards of lake bottom be dredged from Kingman Lake and replaced with sand and gravel to create a gently curving peninsula that extended 800 ft into the western side of the lake. 1,300,000 cubic yards of fill would be used to raise the peninsula 35 ft above the low water mark, so that the bridge&#39;s western approaches could built on the new land. The Whitney Young Memorial Bridge opened in November 1955.</p><br>
<p>Reclaimed land on the western shore of Kingman Lake became the site of RFK Stadium in 1957. D.C. officials, who had been seeking a site for a large all-purpose sports stadium since the early 1930s, finally won support from the USA House of Representatives for a stadium at Anacostia Park in January 1957. D.C. Commissioners approved the site a few days after the House vote, and the District of Columbia Stadium (renamed Robert F. Kennedy Stadium in 1968) opened in 1961.</p><br>
<p>A number of development proposals were made for Kingman Island throughout the 1960s, although few were adopted. A second concrete span for Benning Bridge was constructed in 1961; the old span now carried eastbound traffic, while the new span carried only westbound traffic. In 1961, the NCPPC proposed filling in 59 acre of Kingman Lake (about 50 to 60 percent of the lake&#39;s total area) and relocating some of the riprap walls to make Islands 3 and 4 part of the mainland and add an additional 19 acre to Langston Golf Course. This plan was never acted on, and a year later the city proposed turning Kingman Island into a landfill. Two years later, the city proposed closing the first nine holes of Langston Golf Course and building a $10 million public aquarium on the site, but the National Park Service refused to turn over the land to the city. In 1965, the city again asked permission to turn Kingman Island into a landfill. Although this plan was not approved, the city did begin dumping environmental trash (such as grass cuttings, leaves, and tree stumps) on Kingman Island at this time. Four years later, the city proposed closing all of Langston Golf Course and building extensive low-income public housing on the golf course and the rest of Kingman Island.</p><br>
<h2>Children's Island and stadium proposals</h2><br>
<h3>Original development proposals</h3><br>
<p>Turning Kingman and Heritage Islands into a childrens theme park was a major development proposal which was under consideration for two decades before being abandoned. The idea was first proposed in 1967. The concept was revived in 1972 as part of the United States Bicentennial celebrations, and included a $3 million playground and arts facility for children (including special areas for the handicapped). The American Revolution Bicentennial Commission gave the backers of the plan a $30,000 planning grant to help get the park off the ground. The city also leased the southern part of Kingman Island from the United States Department of the Interior to spur the development. A small administration building and a childrens playhouse were built, 100 cherry trees planted, and Islands No. 3 and 4 connected to the mainland by wooden footbridges. Some land was cleared, and a few brick footpaths laid down. Plans for the park soon included several playgrounds, undeveloped areas where children could learn about nature, a stage, and a worm farm. The Army Corps of Engineers itself erected a wooden footbridge connecting the shore to Heritage Island and Heritage Island to Kingman Island. The size of the theme park was also expanded to include Heritage Island. But four years and $4 million of public and private funds later, the proposal was abandoned. City officials said in 1980 that deteriorating budget conditions (caused by the beginning of the early 1980s recession) had led to "the worst budget crisis in the city&#39;s history", and officials could no longer justify spending another $4 million to complete the park. But 15 years later, press reports laid the failure of the project to a decision by Congress and the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to withhold funds for the project.</p><br>
<p>District officials built a fence around the shores of Kingman and Heritage Island in the early 1980s to protect them from illegal dumping and vandalism, but the fences did not work. Businesses and members of the public dumped discarded construction materials and other waste on the islands, and homeless people often tried to live there.</p><br>
<p>In 1986, D.C. officials considered building a new District of Columbia Jail on Kingman Island, but the National Park Service still controlled the island and refused to consider the idea. Two years later, the District of Columbia was looking for a way to upgrade RFK Stadium so that the Washington Redskins would continue to play their games inside the city limits. D.C. Mayor Sharon Pratt Dixon proposed allowing the Redskins to build a new stadium on the parking lots adjacent to RFK Stadium and replacing the lost parking lots with new ones built on Kingman Island—a proposal that included tearing up Langston Golf Course and turning it, too, into parking lots. In 1991, as the District still struggled to craft a deal to build a new stadium, Secretary of the Interior Manuel Lujan, Jr. forced Mayor Dixon to agree to preserve Langston Golf Course (although Lujan did agree to allow a redesign of the facility to accommodate some stadium parking).</p><br>
<h3>New children's theme park proposal</h3><br>
<p>A renewed effort to build a childrens theme park emerged during this period as well. In 1983, a new company, National Childrens Island, Inc., was formed to act as the new developer. In 1991, the company proposed yet another large children-oriented theme park for Kingman and Heritage islands. Mayor Dixon supported the idea, but Interior Secretary Lujan forced her to drop the idea because Interior officials felt the proposed development was too densely built-up and would destroy the character of the region. The company drew up new proposals in August 1991 that provided for fewer attractions. Its new designs provided for a "family-oriented" park with walking trails and meadows (with only about 5 acre used for buildings and exhibits). Access to Kingman Island would be restricted to those who paid the $8 to $10 admission fee.</p><br>
<p>Attempts to build Childrens Island quickly became entangled with the stadium deal. On September 10, 1991, the Dixon administration agreed to let the Redskins organization build parking lots on Kingman and Heritage islands. By March 1992, this agreement had been scaled back, so that the Redskins were permitted to build on only a portion of Kingman Island, while additional parking would be built on Langston Golf Course (which would be redesigned to accommodate the lots). The parking deal helped clinch the stadium agreement: On December 7, 1992, Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke agreed to build his teams new stadium in the District of Columbia. Seven days later, Interior Secretary Lujan agreed to transfer 50 acre of Kingman Island to the District of Columbia for construction of the childrens theme park. By now, National Childrens Island, Inc., was advocating a $120 million park which would include science, nature, and geography pavilions; an entertainment building; a plaza that would host fairs, marketplace booths, and outdoor performances; a science center; and formal gardens—while still preserving much of the two islands as a nature preserve. Under terms of the agreement transferring the land to the city, no more than 5 acre could be utilized for buildings, and no structure could be taller than 50 ft.</p><br>
<p>The National Capital Planning Commission quickly approved of the transfer. However, various other groups were opposed to the theme park development, including several Advisory Neighborhood Commissions, the Anacostia Watershed Society, the Capitol Hill Restoration Society, and the Committee of 100 on the Federal City (a highly influential businesspersons and civic leaders organization). The D.C. City Council nonetheless approved the land transfer on July 13, 1993, although it also required that any plans for the islands be submitted to the council for approval. The Council also required the company to complete an environmental impact assessment and more than a dozen other studies and present them to the Council before any development could proceed. Meanwhile, the loss of parking space to the childrens theme park and rising Congressional opposition to the stadium deal (primarily due to the impact it would have on local residents and its high costs) imperiled the D.C. stadium deal. Congressional opposition rose significantly after the stadiums chief proponent, D.C. City Council Chairman John A. Wilson, committed suicide on May 19, 1993. By December, Redskins owner Jack Kent Cooke had pledged to build his stadium in Maryland.</p><br>
<h3>Legal battle</h3><br>
<p>The land transfer became the subject of a legal battle, which eventually led to congressional action. In August 1993, the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund filed suit to block it, claiming that the federal government was required to conduct an environmental impact assessment before handing over the land. The legislation specified, however, that the city could use the land only for a children&#39;s park. The company said it would begin construction within 14 months of the passage of the legislation.</p><br>
<p>The project again caused significant controversy, but was eventually terminated. In early October 1997, D.C. Mayor Marion Barry proposed legislation giving National Children&#39;s Island, Inc., a 99-year lease on Kingman and Heritage islands. The decision was the first time the panel overturned a decision by city officials.</p><br>
<p>On September 15, 1998, the wooden footbridge from the western shore to Kingman Island was set afire by vandals around 9:00 p.m., and burned for about two and a half hours. Despite the efforts of 50 firefighters and a fire boat, most of the structure burned and collapsed into Kingman Lake.</p><br>
<h2>Recent development</h2><br>
<p>Since 1999, a variety of proposals have been made for Kingman and Heritage islands, most focusing on retaining the islands character as one of the few remaining wild places within the citys limits. In December 2000, D.C. Mayor Anthony A. Williams signed an agreement with the Department of the Interior allowing the District government to retain ownership of Kingman and Heritage islands, even though the children&#39;s theme park had not been built. Under the agreement, the District of Columbia agreed to make improvements to the islands, provide police patrols on both islands, and conduct studies on how to best utilize the area. Over the next several years, the city said, it anticipated planting more than 2,000 trees in the grove, adding a memorial marker, and creating a nearby meadow for children to play in. In 2003, the Corps of Engineers said it would assist the city by replacing non-native trees and plants on the islands, and constructing meadows, footpaths, canoe tie-ups, and a playground on Kingman Island at a cost of $3 million.</p><br>
<p>More recent efforts have focused on turning Kingman and Heritage islands into nature centers. The islands were closed to the public in 2004 as improvements were made and trash removed. Williams proposed building the center as part of the Anacostia Waterfront Initiative, a multibillion-dollar plan to restore the river and economically develop the neighborhoods around it. A square pier was built in the center of the footbridge connecting Heritage and Kingman islands, providing a place for bird watching, fishing, and for pedestrians to rest and view the marshes. The islands were home to more than 100 species of birds as well as mimosa trees, purple loosestrife, Queen Anne&#39;s lace, and turtles. The D.C. government turned over maintenance of the islands in 2009 to the nonprofit group Living Classrooms, and the city continued to plan for an environmental center and more trails.</p><br>
<h2>Accidents</h2><br>
<p>A few unusual accidents have occurred on Kingman Island. In October 1941, the body of a homeless African American man was found on the island. Police concluded that the man had been attacked and killed by a wild dog, and the body almost completely devoured. Attempts to capture the animal proved fruitless. A seven-year-old boy, which the local media dubbed the "Cold Crusoe" (after the fictional shipwrecked character of Robinson Crusoe), was rescued from Island No. 3 in February 1956. The boy allegedly swam to the island using a log as a raft. With no sign of a boat, police believed the boy had drowned. After several days, the police finally located the child (who revealed how he got to the island). And in 1959, a 13-year-old boy in a stolen automobile plunged into Kingman Lake while being chased by police. The boy later said he had no idea the lake was there.</p><br>
<p>Knox&#39;s Headquarters State Historic Site, in the town of New Windsor in Orange County, New York, consists of the Georgian house of the Ellison family, built in 1754, and the grounds around it. It is located on Old Forge Hill Road, just south of Route 94 east of Vails Gate.</p><br>
<p>Although most closely associated with Henry Knox, who was using it as his headquarters as the Revolutionary War drew to a close in the early 1780s, it was used as a general&#39;s headquarters throughout most of the war, by Nathanael Greene and Horatio Gates.</p><br>
<p>The site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972. While owned by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation the Ellison House is administered and operated by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission, like many other state parks and historic sites in the mid- and lower Hudson region.</p><br>
<p>Today, the house can be toured when the site is open. It is used to educate visitors about how 18th-century families such as the Ellisons actually lived. On holidays and special occasions staff dress in reproduction period clothing and give special events. Staff dressed as the 2nd Continental Artillery frequently demonstrate cannon use on the grounds during special events, as Knox was best known for his command of Continental artillery.</p><br>
<p>The house and its grounds were the setting and subject of the childrens haunted-house novel Buried Treasure (1919), by the best-selling childrens author Henry Everett McNeil. The book is illustrated with McNeil&#39;s own photographs (made circa 1911 or 1912) of the various buildings and bridge at the Knox site.</p><br>
<p>The Jane Colden Plant Sanctuary along some of the trails in the nearby woods memorializes America&#39;s first female botanist, who also resided in the area.</p><br>
<p>Botn  is an inland fjord in the municipality of Rissa in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. It flows through a short, small river into the Sundsbukta, a small bay off the Trondheimsfjord. The village of Årnset lies on the north shore of Botn.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrography and water quality</h2><br>
<p>The extraordinarily shallow, narrow, and long inlet restrains the water exchange severely. The daily tidal amplitude is in the order of centimetres, about 1/10 of the tidal amplitude of the supplying Trondheimsfjord. The shallow river connecting Botn to the Trondheimsfjord blocks out more than half of the tidal wave, making the moon-phase driven tidal flood height cycles the primal driving force for the internal water level, with an abnormally small neap flood effect (zero has been observed during lowest neap tides and meteorologically suppressed sea level).</p><br>
<p>In addition, the inlet is connected to a secluded bay sheltered from the strong tidal currents in the main fjord. This leads to accumulation and recycling of the exported surface brackish water, heavily reducing the sea water portion of imported water that can sink in and refresh the deeper waters, thus giving a natural stratification with stagnant (uninhabitable) water below a depth of 7 to 10 m, and a poisonous rotten bottom water beneath 30 m. As another unusual anomaly, this hydrographic blocking of seawater seems to persist in calm periods even in the winter, denying import of the usual winterly bottom water renewal that otherwise is normal in fjords, and leading to a decrease in Botn&#39;s deep water oxygen levels during winter.</p><br>
<p>With a gradually descending bottom slope beneath the inlet, the basin lacks strong internal thresholds (abruptly steepening slopes) that often isolates the deep of fjord basins from imported tidal currents, thus leaving the Botn basin hydrodynamically open (with very weak topographical stratifications). Thus, the annually induced stagnation depth varies with the volume and energy of the tidal instream in the critical time when the spring flood dilutes the incoming water rapidly, and accumulating differences along the current shear creates the stratification. Naturally there is also a bottom water stratification between semi-ventilated deep water (uninhabitable but not rotten) and totally isolated poisonous bottom water.</p><br>
<p>The long and river-like inlet with streaming water makes ideal growing conditions for seaweed and mussels, which was scraped for use as angling bait up until the end of World War II. Late in the 1970s, increasing agricultural eutrophication and further reduced water exchange from the growing mussel banks in the inlet led Botn to an ecological crisis with surface algal blooms and lifting of very poisonous rotten bottom water. To improve conditions the Rissa municipality has restricted the eutrophication in the drainage area and installed a bubbler facility (like in an aquarium but bigger) at a depth of 30 m to distribute more of the water exchange to deeper levels.</p><br>
<h2>The Great Quick Clay Slide of 1978</h2><br>
<p>On 29 April 1978, a big quick clay slide eradicated several farms on the southeast corner of Botn, killing only one person. Many inhabitants fled from the scene as the edge ate its way inward from the shore. Two local teenagers made a famous 8 mm film of the cracking, sliding, and collapsing of the clay landscape. A 3 m high tsunami caused some destruction on the northern shore of Botn.</p><br>
<p>Kennisis Lake is the 2nd largest lake in the Haliburton Highlands with a surface area of over 1,640 hectare in the area of Ontario just south west of Algonquin Provincial Park. From end to end, the lake is approximately 23 km long. There is a smaller counterpart, named Little Kennisis Lake.</p><br>
<p>The lakes shoreline lots are almost entirely privately owned, with the newest residences and summer homes being built on the western shore accessible by West Shore Drive. Kennisis Lake is bordered by Haliburton Forest on the north and east, nearby Algonquin Provincial Park to the north, and also a third tract land to the west which is a 24,000 hectare tract of Crown land referred to as the Frost Center Area, after Leslie M. Frost. The lake is accessible through the town of West Guilford on County Road 7, Kennisis Lake Road.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Origins and Ownership</h3><br>
<p>Big and Little Lake Kennisis lie in the geographical Township of Havelock and the Municipality of Dysart in Haliburton County, Central Ontario, Canada. The Township of Havelock was named after British general Sir Henry Havelock after his success in relieving the city Lucknow during the 1857 Mutiny in India. Lake Kennisis itself was originally named Lake Alexandra by the Canadian Land and Emigration Company (C.L. & E.C.) to honor Alexandra, Princess of Wales. The name was also an attempt by the company directors of London to make the area more appealing to British settlers, but the names didn’t remain for long.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, the Crown Land Department of the Province of Canada offered the ten townships of the area for sale with the hope that private enterprise would be enable them to be open to settlement. Sir Francis Bond Head, former Governor of Upper Canada, had interested potential investors in England, and was expected to be chairman of the C.L. & E.C., which was incorporated in London in 1861. Yet, Thomas Chandler Haliburton, reputable author, lawyer, justice of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court, and Member of the British Parliament, took Head’s place after he turned down the position. After negotiation between the company and the Province of Canada in 1864, the C.L. & E.C. gained ownership of the ten townships. Haliburton’s name was given to the settlement in Dysart Township that same year and to the county in 1874 when three townships from Victoria Country and twenty from Peterborough County were joined to create the Provisional County of Haliburton.</p><br>
<h3>Settlement</h3><br>
<p>The settlement on Lake Kennisis consisted of hard granite that was ill suited for cultivation, causing few to stay as permanent residents. In addition to the agricultural difficulties brought upon by the land was the lack of proper roads for access to the townships in the area. Although the Bobcaygeon Road, which ran near Minden, and Peterson Road, which ran east from the village of Muskoka Falls near Bracebridge, were available for travel, both road were virtually impassable much of year in the early days. By the 1930s, a deal was made by the C.L. & C.E. to have another road constructed from Haliburton Village to Eagle Lake and Redstone. However, it was not until the completion of the road from West Guilford in the 1940s that the area was able to become a vacation property that attracted many people. Later in 1964, the Department of Highways map showed a road along the southern shore of Lake Kennisis and on the northern shore to the Narrow between Big and Little Kennisis. By the first decade of the 21st century, a large number of cottages along the two lakes were built as roads improves and dependable snow clearing made it possible for retirees to live in comfort and security all year long.</p><br>
<h2>Kennisis Lake Cottage Owner’s Association (KLCOA)</h2><br>
<p>The is a non-profit organization that is committed to contribute and provide the best services to its members, cottagers, and its visitors. The organization sponsors and conducts many activities for cottagers of all ages during the summer. KLCOA does not operate on a loan, mortgage or any other kind of debt to run its affairs.</p><br>
<h3>Events conducted by KLCOA</h3><br>
<p>Events and contests that are held by KLOCA every summer include:</p><br>
<p>Swimming Lessons</p><br>
<p>Fishing Tournament</p><br>
<p>Island Clean-up where volunteers and participants spend a couple of hours picking up waste from the Island</p><br>
<p>Regatta</p><br>
<p>Canoe Lessons</p><br>
<p>Celebrations are held for holidays such as Halloween, Valentine’s Day, Canada Day. All the members, cottagers, and visitors gather together and participate in various activities, barbecues, and firework shows at night time.</p><br>
<h3>The Association</h3><br>
<p>The Association itself consists of Executive Community members such as a President, Vice President, Treasurer, Secretary and Directors. Each member has a role and duty assigned by the Board that contributes to the Association and the cottagers.</p><br>
<p>The Board conducts meetings during each season to discuss the Association and the events to be held during the summer or for any other occasions. During these meetings, the Board makes decisions about how to improve or solve any problems at the Kennisis Lake Cottage.</p><br>
<p>The KLCOA only consists of people who pay an annual fee in order to be a member. The membership fee is $30 before July 1 and $35 after July 1.</p><br>
<h2>Norah’s Island</h2><br>
<p>is the largest island in Kennisis Lake (22 acres and 1000 meters from the nearest shoreline). The island was named after Norah Carruthers, the late wife of Bruce Carruthers, who owned the island for 32 years. Bruce Carruthers donated the island to the Haliburton Highlands Land Trust in the summer of 2007. Since then, many members of the KLCOA have donated money to the Land Trusts Endowment Fund to maintain the cost of preserving the natural habitat of the island. Norah’s Island has been deemed a lasting piece of land representing the true ecosystem of Kennisis Lake. The island ecosystem consists of native trees that surround the lake as well as many rare, native species of orchids. The natural habitat of the island is protected, prohibiting development and allowing access to all of the cottagers to enjoy. The Norah&#39;s Island Committee of the Haliburton Highlands Land Trust is in the process of developing a plaque to acknowledge the donors of the Endowment Fund who donated in excess of $50,000.</p><br>
<h3>Norah's Island Land Transfer</h3><br>
<p>The land transfer was initiated by Bruce Carruther and the Haliburton Highlands Land Trust under Environment Canada&#39;s Ecological Gifts Program as the Island is ecologically sensitive. The donation of Norah’s Island from Bruce Carruthers, in memoriam of his late wife Norah, took place in 2007. Ribbons were tied to symbolize the uniting of the Halliburton Highlands Land Trust, and the Kennisis Lake Cottage Association. On the day of the land transfer, members of the KLCOA and their families gathered on the island to celebrate the day.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<h3>Skiing</h3><br>
<p>The Kennisis ski trails are maintained by residents of the lake. Measuring 10 kilometer in length, the ski trails reopened off the west shores of Kennisis Lake (in what is known as the Clear Lake Conservation Area). With access on West Shore Road, the trails map around west of Kennisis down to the south of Red Pine Lake. The trails first cross 2 parcels of privately owned land and the remainder is through the conservation area.</p><br>
<h3>Fishing</h3><br>
<p>There are two public access points to Kennisis Lake. One access point nears the southeast shore of the lake, while the other access point is close to the Kennisis Dam. The availability of access opens the public to the opportunity of fishing on the lake. Kennisis has been stocked with thousands of lake trout since 1925. At all depths, the lake is well oxygenated all year round. This contributed to the optimal conditions for growth and naturalized reproducing of the trout population. Despite a lack of breeding sites being documented, natural reproduction is evident with reported fair catches of unmarked lake trout.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, the common white sucker, longnose sucker, yellow perch, brown bullhead, smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, rock bass, and a wide variety of minnow species stocked the rest of the lake’s fish population.</p><br>
<h3>Tree Planting</h3><br>
<p>The tree and shrub planting program was recently established in 2009. This program offers Kennisis members the chance to rehabilitate open or harvested areas, control erosion, create windbreaks, naturalize shorelines, or create wildlife surroundings. For this program, the KLCOA offers two classifications of trees (coniferous trees and deciduous trees) and two classifications of shrubs (shoreline shrubs and upland shrubs). Kennisis members have the option of ordering the tree or shrub of their choosing.</p><br>
<p>The coniferous trees the KLCOA include white pine (that grows 30–45 cm tall), white spruce (30–45 cm tall), and balsam fir (20–35 cm tall). The deciduous trees consist of red oak (60–90 cm tall), white birch (45–60 cm tall), and sugar maple (60–90 cm tall). The program also provides shoreline shrubs such as red osier dogwood (60–90 cm) and upland shrubs including staghorn sumas (30–45 cm tall).</p><br>
<p>Maintenance of the planted trees and shrubs involve the controlling of weeds or other competing species around the young plants and provide adequate watering in the event of summer drought conditions to help the plants establish.</p><br>
<h3>Sailing</h3><br>
<p>The Ontario Sailing Association (OSA) runs a at Kennisis Lake during the summer. The program offers Kennisis resident members and non-members five days of lessons. This program includes in-water and in-class sessions teaching Kennisis members how to sail on the lake. The Ontario Sailing Association provides professional instructors tending to a limited class of sixteen students. The OSA also supplies instructional boats, teaching aids and lifejackets for all the participants. Although the summer program targets children ages nine to fifteen, the OSA offers an adult “learn to sail” program with a more limited number of participants.</p><br>
<h3>Swimming</h3><br>
<p>Swimming lessons are held at Kennisis Lake Marina every summer for six weeks. These lessons are available for both members and non-members. To be eligible for a badge, Kennisis’ swimming students must attend at least two weeks of lessons. However this does not imply that the participant will pass the level.</p><br>
<h3>Regatta</h3><br>
<p>The annual Regatta is an all-day event that brings residents together to participate in games and activities. A marathon swim, horseshoe tournament, battleship golf, mini putt, Frisbee, morning swim races, water balloon toss, bubblegum blowing contest, afternoon boat races, egg tosses, log rolling contests, and more activities fill the day. Most of the activities compete for prizes, typically trophies named after generous donors. The major events include:</p><br>
<h4>Marathon swim</h4><br>
<p>All participants must be accompanied by a boat as they swim from the island to the Marina Property.</p><br>
<h4>Morning swim</h4><br>
<p>With the exception of boys six years old and under falling under one category, KLCOA categorizes boys in their own age together. The all the boys compete against other boys approximately their own. Similar to the boys morning swim competition, girls compete against other girls in their same age groups. In the morning swims that include girls and boys as one category have a wider ranged age group (for example, fourteen years and under, twelve and under, twelve and over, thirteen and over). For most of these gender integrated races, the participants are competing individually. The exception for these single races is the T-shirt relay. The relay allows four members per group.</p><br>
<p>The adults (starting from age seventeen and over) have age groups, but are more extensive than the children’s age groups. Men have two age groups. One age group varies from ages seventeen to twenty-nine; the other, thirty year old and over. Kennisis also has an all-star swim race for the men. Women age groups are similar, but their younger age group starts at age nineteen. The women can also compete in their own all-star swim competition. The time when women can swim against men is in the age group of fifty-five and over for the Remax Cup.</p><br>
<h4>Afternoon boat races</h4><br>
<p>After the midday activities of water balloon tosses and bubble gum blowing contests, boat races load the afternoon with friendly competition. The usual boat races at Kennisis include:</p><br>
<p>Pie Plate Race a race consisting of boats and canoes that are propelled by metal pie plates. This race often includes four participants per boat or canoe. They supply their own metal pie plates and create their own propeller.</p><br>
<p>Paddle Boat Race</p><br>
<p>Open Canoe Race a canoe race that only has one participant in each canoe.</p><br>
<p>Kayak Race a race in which Kennisis divides the kayak races into separate age categories. One age group consists of both boys and girls sixteen years old and under. The other age group is made up of both men and women ages seventeen and older.</p><br>
<p>Backwards Canoe Race a group race in which each group comprises two men and two women racing together in one canoe.</p><br>
<p>In and Out Canoe Race a race n which each team involves two members racing in one canoe.</p><br>
<p>Canoe Race a race that involves teams of four. Each team includes two male and two female participants. Like many of the races, the canoe race divides itself into two age groups. The youth race participants range from ages sixteen and under. The adult race has members starting from ages seventeen and over.</p><br>
<p>Family Members Canoe Race a group race that involves members of the same family racing together as one unit.</p><br>
<h2>Water Quality</h2><br>
<p>Kennisis Lake is located within the Canadian Shield, so it is among deep lakes containing few minerals. This is because of the erosion of granite in the lakes doesn’t happen as much as it would elsewhere. There have been observations of a lack in clarity of the water, but this is not due to mineral or chemical buildup. The average measurement of phosphorus in the lake water is around 7 µg/L. However, deposits of dissolved organic carbon may affect the clarity of the water due to the lake acting as a watershed to nearby wetlands. Increased rainfall can cause sediment to get into the lake, also decreasing clarity. That being said, though, it is only a slight issue and is not a major problem to the water itself.</p><br>
<h2>Interesting Facts</h2><br>
<p>The Kennisis Lake got its name from the early settlers who recorded the name of Joe Kennisis, an Indian, whose family had lived by hunting and fishing around the lake.</p><br>
<p>By the 1880s, a four-foot dam was built where the Kennisis River flows out of the lake to provide a few weeks longer of sufficient water to float logs down to the mills.</p><br>
<p>The First Nation in the Kennisis area gave up all rights to lands, along the Trent-Severn Waterway due to the Williams Treaty signed in 1923, between the federal government and the tribes of the land. Relics of these nations have been found in the areas of Haliburton where villages of the Hurons were established.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, Hayward and Jones Ltd. of Peterborough obtained an option to buy the shoreline of Big and Little Kennisis from Hay and Co. Hence, the development of Big and Little Kennisis began in 1957 and 1962 respectively.</p><br>
<p>After Hayward and Jones Ltd. sold its lot of land to the Kennisis Lake Development Ltd in 1963, three bridges, a hydro service, and a dam were developed.</p><br>
<p>Dolebury Warren  is a 90.6 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest  and ancient monument near the villages of Churchill and Rowberrow in North Somerset, part of South West England. It is owned by the National Trust, who acquired the freehold in 1983, and managed by the Avon Wildlife Trust.</p><br>
<p>Standing on a limestone ridge on the northern edge of the Mendip Hills, it was made into a hill fort during the Iron Age and was occupied into the Roman period. The extensive fort covers 9.1 hectare with single or double defensive ramparts around it. The name Dolebury Warren comes from its use during the medieval or post medieval periods as a rabbit warren. The topography and differing soil types provide a habitat for an unusually wide range of plants, attracting a variety of insects, including several species of butterfly.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and location</h2><br>
<p>The site is at the top of a Carboniferous Limestone ridge on the northern edge of the Mendip Hills. It forms part of the Black Down Pericline where the limestone has been exposed because of erosion of the overlying Triassic Dolomitic Conglomerate. The soil depth varies considerably, owing to the slope within the site and the effects of its exposure to the wind.</p><br>
<p>Dolebury Warren overlooks the villages of Churchill and Rowberrow and provides good visibility across the surrounding lower lying areas as far as the Bristol Channel. The highest point, at the eastern end of the site is 183 m OD, with the hillfort being up to 50 m below this. It is the starting point for the Limestone Link, a 36 mi long-distance footpath which ends at Cold Ashton in Gloucestershire.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The fort covers an area of 9.1 hectare and commands views over the surrounding countryside. The hill fort is bivallate on three sides and a single rampart on the southern side which is protected by a steep slope. It is almost rectangular with the longest axis from east to west being 487 m long and 200 m from north to south, surrounded by a rampart which is around 4 m high and 12 m wide. It was protected by a limestone rampart with a ditch and counterscarp on all sides but the south. There is an inturned entrance on the west and an annexe of 0.4 hectare protecting the easier eastern approach.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Etymology</h3><br>
<p>The name Dolebury means the idol hill from the Old English dwol and beorg.</p><br>
<h3>Early</h3><br>
<p>Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for their emergence in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Power passed into the hands of a new group of people. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase still played a role and has stated " provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress burst out into open warfare. But I wouldn&#39;t see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".</p><br>
<p>Various artefacts have been uncovered representing the long period of occupation of the site at Dolebury Warren. These include flintwork from the Palaeolithic, bronze spearheads, Bronze Age pottery, and Roman pottery and coins. There is evidence of occupation of the site during the Iron Age. The defences and Celtic field systems there date back to the 7th century−3rd century BCE, though they might mask earlier developments. The hillfort was occupied until approximately 100BC, though it is possible that it was reoccupied in the Roman and post-Roman periods. The archeological consultant Peter Leach has suggested there may even have been a Roman Temple built within the hillfort, while aerial photographs suggest the probable remains of an Iron Age or Roman coaxial field system. Local historian Robin Atthill also suggests that Dolebury may have re-emerged as an important centre of population in the 5th century.</p><br>
<h3>Medieval</h3><br>
<p>In the medieval or post-medieval period, the remains of the hillfort were used as a rabbit warren which was used to breed rabbits, providing valuable meat and fur. Many warrens were surrounded by banks or walls to prevent the rabbits from escaping; escaped rabbits caused damage to nearby farmland and meant a loss in profit. The warren at Dolebury is completely enclosed by the substantial ramparts of the Iron Age hill fort and thus provided an ideal location to breed rabbits. The presence of pillow mounds and vermin traps demonstrate mans management of the site for husbandry. Ridge and furrow agriculture has also been identified, from aerial photographs, within the fort. Some of these structures, along with earlier Iron Age features, have been damaged by subsequent quarrying which may have been for lead, ochre or calamine. The site was described by John Leland in the 16th century. A three-storey building, believed to be the warreners house and possibly a watch tower, surrounded by a garden, was in ruins by 1830.</p><br>
<h3>19th and 20th centuries</h3><br>
<p>The site was visited in the early 19th century by John Skinner and surveyed in 1872 by Charles William Dymond. In 1906 the Mendip Lodge Estate, which included Dolebury Warren, was sold. It was first scheduled as an ancient monument in 1929. In 1935 Dolebury Camp was bought by Miss V. Wills of the W.D. & H.O. Wills tobacco company to prevent development. Dolebury Warren was notified as a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1952. The freehold of 92.657 hectare was acquired by the National Trust in 1983 from A. G. Gosling, D. F. Gosling and J. M. Kent, and is managed by the Avon Wildlife Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The site of the fort and warren is now grassy slopes which attract a wide range of wild flowers and butterflies. The differing soil types provide suitable habitats for both acid- and lime-loving plants. Kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria), harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) and woolly thistle (Cirsium eriophorum) thrive on the dry stony soils. Heath bedstraw (Galium saxatile) and wood sage (Teucrium scorodonia) are found in more acidic areas. The higher areas support bell heather (Erica cinerea), western gorse (Ulex gallii) and common heather (Calluna vulgaris). Trees and shrubs include the wayfaring tree (Viburnum lantana), guelder rose (Viburnum opulus), whitebeam (Sorbus aria), privet (Ligustrum vulgare) and dogwood (Cornus sanguinea).</p><br>
<p>Scarce plants found at the warren include knotted pearlwort (Sagina nodosa), and slender bedstraw (Galium pumilum). Butterflies recorded here include the small blue (Cupido minimus), marbled white (Melanargia galathea), dingy skipper (Erynnis tages), grizzled skipper (Pyrgus malvae), small pearl-bordered fritillary (Boloria selene), and wall brown (Lasiommata megera).</p><br>
<p>The Zachary Taylor House, also known as Springfield, was the boyhood home of the twelfth President of the United States, Zachary Taylor. Located in Louisville, Kentucky, Taylor lived there from 1795 to 1808, held his marriage there in 1810, and returned there periodically the rest of his life.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Zachary Taylors father, Colonel Richard Taylor, purchased a 400 acre farm on the Muddy Fork of Beargrass Creek in 1785, while Zachary was eight months old. They initially lived in a log cabin on the property. Commencing in June, 1792, after participating in the constitutional convention that made Kentucky a state, Col. Taylor built a two-story brick house on the land that he purchased from Isaac Shelby. He sold that house to George Rudy on Dec. 1, 1795. During that time, Richard Taylor built a second house at the highest point on his property, dubbing it "Springfield". By 1800 Richard Taylor purchased an additional three hundred acres, making his property 700 acre in total. The property was adjacent to Locust Grove, the farm where George Rogers Clark lived from 1809 until his death in 1818. Before he began his military career in 1808, Zachary Taylor lived thirteen years in the house. He would later return to the house to be married on June 18, 1810, and have five of his six children born in the house. In 1829 the house was sold upon Richard Taylors death, due to debts he had acquired. After his death in 1850, Zachary Taylor was buried in the family cemetery located on the property. This later became the original section of Zachary Taylor National Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Much of the original Taylor property remained together until the 1950s, when it was divided. Of the original 400 acre, the Taylor property is only 3/4 of an acre in size.</p><br>
<p>During the Super Outbreak of tornadoes on April 3–4, 1974, Springfield suffered major wind and water damage, including the two porches and the roof being blown off.</p><br>
<p>There have been attempts to make the house a National Historic Site, but these attempts have failed due to the required demolition of surrounding buildings needed to make it a National Historic Site.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Springfield is a -story Georgia Colonial red brick L-shaped house. The western section of the house is the oldest, built around 1795. The eastern section was built between 1810 and 1830. It features a gable roof, a double-parlor, and fireplaces in each room. It was constructed by Richard Taylor and the slaves he owned.</p><br>
<p>After the Taylors left, major additions included two Victorian porches, an altering of a staircase&#39;s direction, and the eaves improved with a bracketed cornice. Two bathrooms were added to the first floor in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Today, the address of the house is 5608 Apache Road, Louisville, Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>The Fillmore House, or Millard Fillmore House, was the residence of the 13th President of the United States, Millard Fillmore. Fillmore built this house in 1826, at 24 Shearer Avenue in East Aurora in Erie County, New York. The President lived there only four years during which time his son was born. The house has since had multiple owners and multiple additions built upon it. In addition, it has been moved from its original location no less than two times. Besides the White House, it is the only surviving structure of residence for President Fillmore. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The house is owned by the and has been renovated with period furnishings. As of 2015, it is open to the public from June through October on Wednesdays, Saturdays and Sundays from 1-4.</p><br>
